{"id":61190,"date":"2018-12-02T01:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-12-07T03:05:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/2018\/12\/07\/6df14de1d9\/"},"modified":"2018-12-07T11:05:11","modified_gmt":"2018-12-07T03:05:11","slug":"6df14de1d9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/61190\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8f89\u745eGCP\u57f9\u8bad\uff08\u4e00\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\u8f89\u745eGCP\u57f9\u8bad\uff08\u4e00\uff09\"<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n


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\u7b2c\u4e00\u8bb2 <\/span><\/strong>\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Robert Rubin<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u5728<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span>50<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6839\u636e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u800c\u975e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728<\/span>1948<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u94fe\u9709\u7d20\u6cbb\u7597\u7ed3\u6838\u75c5\u7684\u7597\u6548\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5728<\/span>1951<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5bbe\u897f\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u7684<\/span>Robert Austrian<\/span>\u6559\u6388\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u80ba\u708e\u7403\u83cc\u80ba\u708e\u4e2d\u7684\u7597\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u53e5\u8001\u8bdd\u5728\u6b64\u7279\u522b\u9002\u7528\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d3b\u7684\u66f4\u957f\u5417\uff1f\u6216\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6d3b\u7684\u957f\u4e86\uff1f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u786e\u5b9a\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6539\u5584\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5ef6\u957f\u4e86\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5df2\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u5bdf\u6cbb\u7597\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u6548\u7387\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u6e90\u4f7f\u7528\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e86\u3002\u5e94\u518d\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5ef6\u957f\u5bff\u547d\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u5e94\u4f7f\u751f\u547d\u5bcc\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u5bfb\u627e\u65b0\u7684\u9884\u793a\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u60a3\u8005\u5206\u5c42\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b0\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u6807\u505a\u4e3a\u66ff\u4ee3\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4e00\u76f4\u968f\u8bbf\u75c5\u4eba\u81f3\u75be\u75c5\u7ec8\u672b\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5728\u75be\u75c5\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8bc4\u4ef7\u75c5\u4eba\u5bf9\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8bc4\u4ef7\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u505a\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u66fe\u88ab\u95ee\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u9644\u4ee3\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb<\/span>35<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u5e8a\u533b\u751f\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u6211\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f60\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u4e0a\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u5065\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u4f1a\u6bd4\u5e38\u89c4\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\u9ad8\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u63a8\u8fdb\u533b\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u4e3a\u6b64\u6dfb\u7816\u52a0\u74e6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u4eba\u4e3a\u533b\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u5b9a\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5e94\u8f6e\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u63a2\u7d22\u65b0\u77e5\uff0c\u6cfd\u798f\u540e\u4eba\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u533b\u751f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f53\u6211\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u4e00\u9879\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u5148\u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u95ee\u9898\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u53bb\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u9879\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6210\u529f\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5c06\u4f1a\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u8fdb\u5165\u4eba\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u672a\u77e5\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u6211\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6240\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u5408\u7406\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u4f53\u5916\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u652f\u6301\u8be5\u5047\u8bbe\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u836f\u52a8\u5b66\u548c\u836f\u6548\u5b66\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5df2\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

o <\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7ed9\u836f\u5242\u91cf\u548c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7528\u836f\u95f4\u9694\u5417\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

o <\/span>\u5bf9\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u3001\u5373\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6cbb\u7597\u6548\u679c\u5982\u4f55\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

o <\/span>\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u5426\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u80fd\u5426\u786e\u5b9a\u7597\u6548\uff0c\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

o <\/span>\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5165\u9009\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u660e\u786e\uff1f<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u5728\u4e8e\u5728\u5165\u9009\u60a3\u8005\u524d\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u5165\u9009\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u7504\u522b\uff1f\u5728\u7ed9\u4e88\u6cbb\u7597\u5e72\u9884\u540e\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u6709\u5408\u9002\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec8\u70b9\u548c\u6b21\u8981\u7ec8\u70b9\uff1f\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u662f\u5426\u5145\u5206\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u5b89\u5168\u76d1\u6d4b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u5bfc\u81f4\u7814\u7a76\u504f\u501a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5c3d\u5feb\u5730\u77e5\u9053\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5c0f\u7ed3\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u533b\u7597\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u4ece\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5230\u7597\u6548\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ece\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5230\u75be\u75c5\u8c03\u63a7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u5bf9\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u660e\u786e\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e0e\u4f60\u4eec\u4e00\u9053\u590d\u4e60\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8c22\u5927\u5bb6\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8bb2 <\/span><\/strong>\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Guillermo Rodriguez<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5927\u5bb6\u597d\uff01\u6211\u662fGuillermo Rodriguez\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u5411\u5927\u5bb6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u8f83\u524d\u589e\u52a0\u4e861\u500d\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u6210\u5c31\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u75ab\u82d7\u3001\u6cbb\u7597\u5fc3\u8840\u7ba1\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u764c\u75c7\u7b49\u65b0\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u836f\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u572820 \u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6cbb\u7597\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u4e2d\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u836f\u7269\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u690d\u7269\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u77ff\u7269\u7684\u5929\u7136\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u5e02\u524d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u836f\u7269\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u6216\u7597\u6548\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u836f\u54c1\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u836f\u54c1\u5c55\u793a\u4f1a\u4e0a\u9500\u552e\u3002\u6709\u51e0\u79cd\u836f\u7269\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5374\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8003\u9a8c\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5728\u7528\u4e8e\u6cbb\u7597\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5982\u5417\u5561\u3001\u6d0b\u5730\u9ec4\u548c\u594e\u5b81\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u6548\u53c8\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u76f4\u52301906\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u836f\u7269\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u8fc8\u51fa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u5b83\u4e0e\u4e00\u6b21\u5f88\u7279\u522b\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6709\u5173\u3002\u57281906\u5e74\uff0cUpton Sinclair\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u540d\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e1b\u6797<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e66\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e0e\u836f\u7269\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u52a0\u5de5\u8089\u7c7b\u65f6\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u536b\u751f\u73af\u5883\u3002\u5f53\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u9762\u5e02\u65f6\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u7fa4\u8d77\u6297\u8bae\u793a\u5a01\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u5bfc\u81f4\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b8c\u5168\u98df\u54c1\u4e0e\u836f\u7269\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5e76\u6210\u7acb\u98df\u54c1\u4e0e\u836f\u54c1\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40(FDA)\u3002FDA\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ba1\u7406\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u6cd5\u6848\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u90fd\u8981\u6709\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u65b9\u53ef\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6d89\u53ca\u9762\u5e76\u4e0d\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u672a\u8981\u6c42\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u548c\u7597\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u76f4\u52301938\u5e74\u4e00\u4e2a\u60b2\u5267\u6027\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002 \u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u540d\u4e3a\u6297\u94fe\u5947\u836f\uff08strep elixir\uff09\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6709\u6570\u767e\u540d\u513f\u7ae5\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u836f\u7269\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6cbb\u7597\u94fe\u7403\u83cc\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u590d\u65b9\u5236\u5242\uff0c\u7531\u78fa\u80fa\u52a0\u4e59\u70ef\u4e59\u4e8c\u9187\u5236\u6210\u3002\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u4e59\u70ef\u4e59\u4e8c\u9187\u5bf9\u4eba\u4f53\u6709\u6bd2\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60b2\u5267\u53d1\u751f\u65f6\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u518d\u6b21\u5230\u56fd\u4f1a\u6297\u8bae\u793a\u5a01\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u98df\u54c1\u3001\u836f\u7269\u548c\u5316\u5986\u54c1\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\u7528\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u5e94\u505a\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u548c\u7597\u6548\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u68c0\u6d4b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6b64\u82e5\u5e72\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6700\u5177\u60b2\u5267\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u5e55\u3002\u5373\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u4eba\u4f53\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u6570\u4ee5\u5343\u8ba1\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u88ab\u8feb\u53c2\u52a0\u4e0d\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u5728\u513f\u7ae5\u8eab\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u521b\u4f24\u548c\u70e7\u4f24\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89c2\u5bdf\u4f24\u60c5\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u540c\u610f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u9965\u997f\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u9965\u997f\u65f6\u7684\u75c7\u72b6\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u75bc\u75db\u3001\u75db\u82e6\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u76ca\u5904\uff0c\u4e14\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4ecd\u529b\u56fe\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5c06\u6765\u6539\u5584\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u51cf\u538b\u6216\u8bf1\u5bfc\u4f4e\u6e29\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5e2e\u52a9\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u5982\u98de\u673a\u5185\u9aa4\u7136\u51cf\u538b\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e2d\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u51b0\u51b7\u7684\u6d77\u6c34\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6218\u540e\uff0c<\/span>1947<\/span>\u5e74\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u5ba1\u5224\u3002<\/span>23<\/span>\u540d\u7eb3\u7cb9\u533b\u751f\u88ab\u5e26\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5ead\u3002\u6240\u6709\u9a87\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\u7684\u7eb3\u7cb9\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u66b4\u9732\u7ed9\u516c\u4f17\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u4e2d\u7684\u5987\u5973\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u6307\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u533b\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u5bfc\u81f4\u6c14\u6027\u574f\u75bd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed9\u817f\u90e8\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u4f24\u75a4\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4ec5\u662f\u8981\u89c2\u5bdf\u786b\u78fa\u5bf9\u8fd9\u7c7b\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f15\u4eba\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7eb3\u7cb9\u533b\u751f\u5e76\u672a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6240\u4f5c\u6240\u4e3a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u6094\u610f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u82e6\u96be\u6298\u78e8\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u505a\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6b21\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u7ed3\u5c40\uff0c\u5728<\/span>1948<\/span>\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u6cd5\u5178\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u8fd9\u7c7b\u66b4\u884c\u7684\u518d\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u6cd5\u5178\u6709\u5341\u9879\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

1. <\/span>\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u53c2\u52a0\u5fc5\u987b\u51fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u613f\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. <\/span>\u5728\u53c2\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3. <\/span>\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u529b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f9d\u636e<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4. <\/span>\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u9020\u6210\u8089\u4f53\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u6216\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u65e2<\/span>\u201cdo no harm\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5. <\/span>\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u95f4\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6709\u6743\u9000\u51fa<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u4eba\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u4f26\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u89c4\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u51e0\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u65b0\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u5728<\/span>1950<\/span>\uff5e<\/span>1960<\/span>\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u6570\u5343\u540d\u513f\u7ae5\u51fa\u751f\u65f6\u60a3\u5148\u5929\u53d1\u80b2\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d77\u8c79\u80a2\u75c7\u3002\u5f00\u59cb\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u6b63\u9762\u5bf9\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u52aa\u529b\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u529b\u56fe\u53d1\u73b0\u75c5\u56e0\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u513f\u7ae5\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u6709\u5171\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5728\u598a\u5a20\u65f6\u670d\u7528\u4e86\u915e\u80fa\u54cc\u5576\u916e<\/span>(<\/span>\u53cd\u5e94\u505c<\/span>)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u53cd\u5e94\u505c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u9632\u5455\u5410\u7684\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5728<\/span>300<\/span>\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e02\u524d\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u663e\u793a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6bd2\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span>1954<\/span>\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6ce8\u518c\u4e86\u8be5\u836f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u836f\u7269\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u81f4\u7578\u5371\u9669\u5e76\u672a\u505a\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u60b2\u5267\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u518d\u6b21\u5230\u56fd\u4f1a\u6297\u8bae\u793a\u5a01\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5728<\/span>1962<\/span>\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c<\/span>Kefarver-Harris<\/span>\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u4f53\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u836f\u7269\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u5236\u8ba2\u4e86\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f60\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u89c9\u5f97\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u53cd\u5e94\u505c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5148\u5929\u7578\u5f62\u7684\u75c5\u4f8b\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u62d6\u62c9\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8be5\u836f\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u5ba1\u6279\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5df2\u83b7\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u548c\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75c5\u4f8b\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5730\u533a\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8bb2\u8ff0<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u4eba\u4f53\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6709\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b \uff082\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6709\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5f53\u5c5e\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u4e8e1964\u5e74\u5728\u82ac\u5170\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u533b\u5b66\u534f\u4f1a\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fdb\u884c\u4eba\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u548c\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u89c4\u5219\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9996\u9009\uff0c\u5b83\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5e94\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5ba3\u8a00\u8fd8\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5e94\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u533b\u7597\u7167\u987e\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u5e94\u4ee5\u4e66\u9762\u5f62\u5f0f\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u53e3\u5934\u540c\u610f\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u51e0\u7ecf\u4fee\u8ba2\u3002\u521d\u6b21\u4fee\u8ba2\u662f\u57281975\u5e74\u4e8e\u4e1c\u4eac\uff0c\u540e\u57281983\u5e74\u4e8e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u30011989\u5e74\u4e8e\u9999\u6e2f\u30011996\u5e74\u4e8e\u5357\u975e\u591a\u6b21\u4fee\u8ba2\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u4fee\u8ba2\u662f2001\u5e7410\u6708\u5728\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u6027\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5177\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u6027\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u624b\u4e0a\u6709\u4e86\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u66fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4f46\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e09\u6b21\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e0d\u5f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u516c\u4f17\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u662fWillowbrook\u5dde\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u60a3\u6709\u667a\u529b\u53d1\u80b2\u8fdf\u7f13\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u88ab\u63a5\u79cd\u4e86\u809d\u708e\u75c5\u6bd2\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\u4f55\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u4eec\u514d\u60a3\u75be\u75c5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u6162\u6027\u75c5\u533b\u9662\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u7ec8\u672b\u671f\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u88ab\u63a5\u79cd\u6d3b\u764c\u7ec6\u80de\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u764c\u75c7\u80fd\u5426\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u6700\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u975e\u5e38\u60b2\u60e8\uff0cTuskegee\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece1930\uff5e1970\u5e74\u95f4\u963f\u62c9\u5df4\u9a6c\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u9ed1\u4eba\u60a3\u4e86\u6885\u6bd2\u540e\u591a\u5e74\u672a\u4e88\u4ee5\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u6885\u6bd2\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u75c5\u7a0b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4f7f\u516c\u4f17\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4ec5\u6709\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\u30021977\u5e74\uff0cFDA\u9881\u5e03\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8054\u90a6\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u5178<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u672c\u6cd5\u89c4\u8fd8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8d28\u91cf\u7ba1\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u9760\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1974\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u4efb\u547d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u5ba1\u6838\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e864\u5e74\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u540d\u4e3aBelmont\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002Belmont\u62a5\u544a\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u6761\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u539f\u5219\u3001\u53d7\u76ca\u6027\u539f\u5219\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u6027\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1993<\/span>\u5e74\u57fa\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5ba1\u6838\u4e86\u7531<\/span>SEAMS<\/span>\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86<\/span>15<\/span>\u9879\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u4fdd\u5bc6\uff0c\u610f\u5916\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u8865\u507f\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u7533\u529e\u8005\u53ca\u6240\u5728\u56fd\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u8eab\u4efd\u80cc\u666f\u7684<\/span>150<\/span>\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\u5ba1\u6838\u4e86\u8fd9\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u8868\u5305\u62ec\u536b\u751f\u90e8\u957f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u533b\u751f\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5f8b\u5e08\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span>90<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u6709<\/span>FDA<\/span>\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u6709\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4e5f\u6709\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u6761\u4f8b\u3002\u540e\u6765\u4eba\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e94\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u89c4\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/span>1996<\/span>\u5e74\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u53ec\u5f00\u7684<\/span>ICH<\/span>\u4f1a\u8bae\u5236\u8ba2\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c06\u5317\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u536b\u751f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5185\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

ICH<\/span>\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u4f7f\u5728\u5168\u7403\u65e0\u8bba\u4f55\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u9075\u5b88\u540c\u6837\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c<\/span>ICH GCP <\/span>\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5e94\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\uff0c<\/span>1.<\/span>\u4fdd\u62a4\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\uff0c<\/span>2.<\/span>\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6027\uff0c<\/span>3.<\/span>\u5b8c\u6574\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6b63\u5982\u4f60\u4eec\u4ece\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u4e2d\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u5236\u8ba2\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb<\/span>100<\/span>\u5e74\u5185\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u662f<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\u5236\u8ba2\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u60b2\u5267\u4e8b\u4ef6\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u707e\u96be\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u707e\u96be\u4e2d\u5b66\u5230\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5c1a\u672a\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u9632\u8303\u4e8e\u672a\u7136\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u5f88\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb<\/span>50<\/span>\u5e74\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6027\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6709\u4e86\u660e\u663e\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u5c06\u89c4\u5219\u6807\u51c6\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5f00\u5c55\u5168\u7403\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u8bb8\u8bb8\u591a\u591a\u6cbb\u7597\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5373\u963f\u53f8\u5339\u6797\u548c\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u3002\u5728<\/span>20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53eb<\/span>Felix Hoffman<\/span>\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u6cbb\u7597\u5173\u8282\u708e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u963f\u53f8\u5339\u6797\u3002\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u533b\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u540e\uff0c\u611f\u67d3\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ece\u6b64\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5728<\/span>1906<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u5982\u4f55\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8b66\u793a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u9700\u6ce8\u610f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4f26\u7406\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u6cd5\u5178\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u548c\u81ea\u613f\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c<\/span>FDA<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8d28\u91cf\u7ba1\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6700\u7ec8<\/span>ICH<\/span>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u76f8\u5173\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5230\u6b64\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u8c22\u8c22\u5404\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u8bb2 <\/span>ICH GCP\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u6982\u8ff0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ms. Noemi Rosa<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5927\u5bb6\u597d\uff01\u6211\u662f\u8f89\u745e\u516c\u53f8\u7684Noemi Rosa\uff0c\u6211\u8bb2\u8bfe\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u8c03\u4f1a\u8bae\u836f\u7269\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8d28\u91cf\u7ba1\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u4e4b\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u5728\u8bb2\u89e3\u4e2d\u5c06\u5176\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3aICH GCP\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u672c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0e\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u89c4\u8303\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5c06\u5411\u5927\u5bb6\u4ecb\u7ecdICH GCP\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6cbf\u9769\u53ca\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21ICH\u4f1a\u8bae\u662f1990\u5e74\u5728\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u7684\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u3002\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u4ea7\u4e1a\u754c\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u536b\u751f\u51b3\u7b56\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u51fa\u5e2d\u4e86\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u76df\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u3002ICH\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u6216\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u5bf9\u7814\u53d1\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u4e0e\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u6807\u51c6\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u754c\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6b21\u521b\u4e3e\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6210\u679c\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u5373\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86ICH GCP\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a3f\u57281990\u5e74\u7684ICH\u4e0a\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aStep 1\u3002\u4ee5\u540e\u53c8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7684\u56db\u7a3f\u5206\u522b\u79f0\u4e3aStep 2\u3001Step 3\u3001Step 4\u548cStep 5\u3002Step 4\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8349\u7a3f\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u57281996\u5e74\u63d0\u4ea4\u6216\u5efa\u8bae\u4e09\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u5206\u522b\u4e88\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u3002Step 5\u662fICH GCP\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u4e3a\u7ec8\u7a3f\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u8d2f\u5f7b\u6267\u884c\u3002\u8be5\u7248\u672c\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u662f1997\u5e741\u6708\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5bf9\u7ec8\u7a3fICH GCP\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u7684\u8d2f\u5f7b\u65b9\u9762\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u9488\u5bf91997\u5e74\u7248(\u6216Step 5) \u53d1\u5e03\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/span>\u201d<\/span>(\u6216\u79f0<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u9644\u5f55<\/span>\u201d<\/span>)\uff0c\u5176\u53d1\u5e03\u65f6\u95f4\u662f1997\u5e749\u67088\u65e5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

ICH GCP\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u5305\u62ec8\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5206\u5217\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e3a\u672f\u8bed\u8868\u3002\u672f\u8bed\u8868\u662fICH GCP\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u7684\u76f8\u5f53\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3001\u7533\u529e\u8005\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5236\u8ba2\u51fa\u4e86\u901a\u7528\u7684\u5171\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u836f\u7269\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8d28\u91cf\u7ba1\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5217\u51fa\u4e86ICH GCP\u768413\u6761\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5bf9 <\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u673a\u6784\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span> (\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927)\u3001 \u6216\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>( \u7f8e\u52a0\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a) \u7684\u8981\u6c42\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u804c\u8d23\u548c\u7ec4\u6210\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5728\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7533\u529e\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u90e8\u5206\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u65b9\u6848\u53ca\u65b9\u6848\u4fee\u8ba2\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e03\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5728\u5236\u8ba2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u624b\u518c\u65f6\u7533\u529e\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u624b\u518c\u7684\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u7533\u529e\u8005\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u624b\u518c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u987b\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u4e34\u5e8a\u65b9\u6848\u83b7\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u524d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u624b\u518c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u8bd5\u9a8c\u836f\u54c1\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e34\u5e8a\u524d\u548c\u4e34\u5e8a\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516b\u90e8\u5206\u79f0\u4e3a\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u57fa\u672c\u6587\u4ef6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u662f<\/span>ICH GCP<\/span>\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u88ab\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u524d\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2d\u3001\u548c\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u7533\u529e\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

ICH GCP<\/span>\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u5305\u62ec<\/span>13<\/span>\u9879\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u539f\u5219\u5747\u57fa\u4e8e\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u9879\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u9700\u7b26\u5408\u6e90\u4e8e\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e0e\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8d28\u91cf\u7ba1\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9879\u539f\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u6743\u8861\u53ef\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u5371\u9669\u548c\u4e0d\u4fbf\u4e0e\u7ed9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u76ca\u5904\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u53ef\u9884\u671f\u7684\u76ca\u5904\u8d85\u8fc7\u5371\u9669\u65f6\u624d\u53ef\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u5c06\u662f\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5e94\u7f6e\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7528\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u524d\u4e0e\u4e34\u5e8a\u8d44\u6599\u987b\u8db3\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u62df\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u987b\u5177\u5907\u79d1\u5b66\u6027\u5e76\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\u6709\u8be6\u7ec6\u660e\u786e\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u5bf9\u8bd5\u9a8c\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5728<\/span>ICH GCP<\/span>\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u9648\u8ff0\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u9700\u9075\u7167\u8bd5\u9a8c\u65b9\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u8bd5\u9a8c\u65b9\u6848\u987b\u5df2\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u673a\u6784\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u6216\u652f\u6301\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6279\u51c6\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e0d\u80fd\u542f\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e03\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u4e3a\u53d7\u8bd5\u5bf9\u8c61\u63d0\u4f9b\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\u53ca\u4e3a\u5176\u4f5c\u51fa\u533b\u7597\u51b3\u7b56\u603b\u662f\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u533b\u5e08\u6216\u7259\u533b\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u8c01\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4e3a\u53d7\u8bd5\u5bf9\u8c61\u63d0\u4f9b\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u533b\u5e08\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516b\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u4e00\u5b9a\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u5982\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u57f9\u8bad\u548c\u6709\u4ee5\u5f80\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u786e\u5df2\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u57f9\u8bad\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8d44\u683c\u662f\u7533\u529e\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u524d\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9e\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001\u4f1a\u89c1\u548c\u9762\u8bd5\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u843d\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u67e5\u770b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u7b80\u5386<\/span>(CV)<\/span>\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e5d\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u5728\u53c2\u52a0\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u524d\u5e94\u83b7\u5f97\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u51fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u613f\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5f00\u59cb\u524d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u613f\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b5b\u9009\u6216\u5165\u9009\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4fe1\u606f\u5e94\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u5904\u7f6e\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u6838\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fa8\u522b\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u5e94\u59a5\u5584\u4fdd\u5bc6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e8c\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7528\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5236\u5907\u3001\u5904\u7f6e\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\u5e94\u4e0e\u9002\u7528\u7684\u836f\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u8d28\u91cf\u7ba1\u7406\u89c4\u8303<\/span>(GMP)<\/span>\u76f8\u7b26\u5408\u3002<\/span>GMP<\/span>\u8f83<\/span>GCP<\/span>\u66f4\u65e9\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e14\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5f88\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7528\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5236\u5907\u548c\u5904\u7f6e\u5236\u8ba2\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u7684<\/span>GMP<\/span>\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5e94\u4e0e\u88ab\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u65b9\u6848\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e13\u95e8\u9488\u5bf9\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7528\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5904\u7f6e\u548c\u4fdd\u5b58\u63d0\u4f9b\u8be6\u7ec6\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u4e09\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u786e\u4fdd\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e94\u5f97\u5230\u8d2f\u5f7b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7533\u529e\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7efc\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u590d\u4e60\u4e86<\/span>ICH GCP<\/span>\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u770b\u5230\u4e86<\/span>ICH GCP<\/span>\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u672f\u8bed\u8868\u5728\u5168\u7403\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u8d77\u5230\u7684\u901a\u7528\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u590d\u4e60\u4e86<\/span>ICH GCP<\/span>\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u5b83\u662f\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7248\u672c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u4fee\u8ba2\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7248\u672c\u662f<\/span>1997<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>1<\/span>\u6708<\/span>17<\/span>\u65e5\u4fee\u8ba2\u7684\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u9644\u5f55<\/span>(1997<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>9<\/span>\u6708<\/span>8<\/span>\u65e5\u8865\u5145<\/span>)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u8bb2 <\/span>\u673a\u6784\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Alan Moses <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u662f<\/span>Alan Moses<\/span>\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u662f<\/span>Joslin<\/span>\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u533b\u751f\u548c\u8d44\u6df1\u526f\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u8f89\u745e<\/span>GCP<\/span>\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u3002\u672c\u7ae0\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u673a\u6784\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08 <\/span>IRB<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>IEC<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u9898\u76ee\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u7ea0\u6b63\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u67d0\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6240\u72af\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u6709\u6240\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4ece\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u72af\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u7ebd\u4f26\u5821\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u5230\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u51c6\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u6311\u6218\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u5c3d\u529b\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u4f53\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u6210\u679c\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u5df2\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u60f3\u90fd\u9002\u5408\u8fdb\u884c\u4eba\u4f53\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790\u5176\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53ef\u80fd\u7ed9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e26\u6765\u6f5c\u5728\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u524d\u5c31\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bbe\u60f3\u662f\u6709\u79d1\u5b66\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u63aa\u65bd\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u4eba\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u9700\u8981\u7531\u9002\u5f53\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5373\u673a\u6784\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08 <\/span>IRB<\/span>\uff09\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u4ee5\u5ba1\u8bae\u3001\u8bc4\u4ef7\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u3002\u4eba\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u53ea\u80fd\u7531\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u603b\u662f\u843d\u5728\u5177\u6709\u533b\u5b66\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u8bb2 <\/span>\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Robert Rubin <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u53eb<\/span>Robert Rubin<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bb2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b66\u4e60\u83b7\u5f97\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u548c\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u56de\u987e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u7740\u91cd\u8c08\u4e00\u4e0b\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u5927\u5bb6\u7406\u89e3\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6700\u540e\u8c08\u4e00\u4e0b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4fdd\u5b58\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e<\/span>ICH<\/span>\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5373\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5728\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u81ea\u613f\u8868\u8fbe\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u53c2\u52a0\u8be5\u9879\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3002\u6211\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\uff1a<\/span> “<\/span>\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/span>“<\/span>\u548c<\/span>“<\/span>\u81ea\u613f<\/span>“<\/span>\u3002\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7531\u4e66\u9762\u7684\u3001\u7b7e\u6709\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u65e5\u671f\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\u5747\u5e94\u5177\u5907\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u83b7\u53d6\u5e76\u8bb0\u5f55\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u65f6<\/span>, <\/span>\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5e94\u6309<\/span>GCP<\/span>\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u53ca\u6e90\u4e8e\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u539f\u5219\u53bb\u505a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5f00\u59cb\u524d<\/span>, <\/span>\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u5f97\u5230\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6279\u6587\uff0c\u6279\u51c6\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u4e66\u9762\u6750\u6599\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2d\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u65b0\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u9700\u8981\u518d\u6b21\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u518d\u6b21\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u987b\u518d\u6b21\u5f81\u5f97\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u540c\u610f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u8fbe\u7ed9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6216\u4ed6<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5979\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\u89e3\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u83b7\u76ca\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4ee5\u53ca\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5c5e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7814\u7a76\u6027\u8d28\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u7b7e\u7f72\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u4e0d\u80fd\u786e\u4fdd\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5df2\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ca\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u804c\u8d23\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u81ea\u4e3b\u884c\u4e3a\u4eba\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u5141\u8bb8\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u81ea\u4e3b\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u80c1\u8feb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u5f00\u59cb\u524d\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e0d\u5f97\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u653e\u5f03\u4e2a\u4eba\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5145\u5206\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u8003\u8651\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5355\u72ec\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u8bc1\u88ab\u8be2\u95ee\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u83b7\u5f97\u81ea\u613f\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u540c\u610f\u53c2\u52a0\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u5fc5\u987b\u83b7\u5f97\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6279\u51c6<\/span>, <\/span>\u6700\u7ec8\u7531\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5bf9\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u540c\u610f\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u4ece\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5904\u83b7\u5f97\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u7b7e\u5b57\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u4ef6\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u7531\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u8bdd\u7684\u4eba\u7b7e\u5b57\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f<\/span>, <\/span>\u6240\u6709\u53e3\u5934\u548c\u4e66\u9762\u4fe1\u606f\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u88ab\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u8840\u7edf\u3001\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6d41\u5229\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002\u533b\u5b66\u672f\u8bed\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u975e\u533b\u5b66\u4eba\u58eb\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u6e05\u695a\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u7684\u526f\u672c\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6539\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u518d\u6b21\u5f97\u5230\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u5df2\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u518d\u6b21\u7b7e\u5b57\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u5176\u540e\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u63a2\u8ba8\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\uff08<\/span>2<\/span><\/strong>\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d<\/span>, <\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462<\/span>? <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u800c\u8a00\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u9884\u671f\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u76ca\u5904\uff0c\u5219\u8be5\u8bd5\u9a8c\u987b\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u80fd\u4eb2\u81ea\u8868\u793a\u540c\u610f\u3001\u5e76\u80fd\u5728\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u4e0a\u7b7e\u7f72\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u65e5\u671f\u7684\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u9884\u671f\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u76f4\u63a5\u76ca\u5904\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u8fbe\u6210\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u5728\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u540c\u610f\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u53e6\u5916<\/span>, <\/span>\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u5fc5\u987b\u975e\u5e38\u4f4e\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u5e94\u964d\u5230\u6700\u5c0f\u9650\u5ea6\u3002\u8be5\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e0d\u5e94\u88ab\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7981\u6b62\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ed9\u4e88\u8be5\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e66\u9762\u6279\u51c6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u7d27\u6025\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9884\u5148\u540c\u610f\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u5f81\u5f97\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4ee3\u8868<\/span> (<\/span>\u5982\u5728\u573a<\/span>) <\/span>\u7684\u540c\u610f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4f46\u82e5\u662f\u4ece\u5176\u6700\u4f73\u4e34\u5e8a\u76ca\u5904\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8be5\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5165\u9009\u3002\u5176\u540e\u5fc5\u987b\u5c3d\u5feb\u5c06\u8bd5\u9a8c\u544a\u77e5\u8be5\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u548c<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6216\u5176\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u5e76\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e66\u9762\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f53\u67d0\u4e2a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u540c\u610f\u4e0b\u53c2\u4e0e\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u513f\u7ae5\u6216\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7cbe\u795e\u969c\u788d\u6216\u75f4\u5446\u8005\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5e94\u6309\u5176\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u544a\u77e5\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5982\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8be5\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5e94\u5728\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u4e0a\u7b7e\u7f72\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u65e5\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u53ca\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u8bc6\u5b57\uff0c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u5e94\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u5728\u573a\u3002\u5728\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u53e3\u5934\u540c\u610f\u53c2\u52a0\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u6216\u4ed6\u6216\u4ee3\u8868\u5728\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u4e0a\u7b7e\u7f72\u59d3\u540d\u548c\u65e5\u671f\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u5168\u90e8\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5185\u5bb9\u5df2\u5411\u8be5\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6216\u5176\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u89e3\u91ca\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u65f6\u8f83\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u53c2\u52a0\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u901a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u9632\u6b62\u758f\u5ffd\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\uff08<\/span>3<\/span><\/strong>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d<\/span>, <\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u63cf\u8ff0\u83b7\u5f97\u6240\u9700\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u63cf\u8ff0\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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ICH<\/span>\u5df2\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6587\u4ef6\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u4e0a\u5e02\u6279\u51c6\u540e\u81f3\u5c11\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e24\u5e74\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u9057\u5f03\u6216\u9500\u6bc1\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u786e\u5b9e\u60f3\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u9996\u5148\u5c31\u8be5\u4e8b\u4e0e\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u7533\u529e\u8005\u534f\u5546\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8c22\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516d\u8bb2 <\/span>\u836f\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5206\u671f<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Honorio Silva<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u5927\u5bb6\u597d\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u5927\u5bb6\u3002\u6211\u53eb<\/span>Honorio Silva<\/span>\uff0c\u662f\u8f89\u745e\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u533b\u5b66\u548c\u6ce8\u518c\u4e8b\u52a1\u90e8\u526f\u603b\u88c1\u3002\u6211\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u5730\u533a\u5305\u62ec\u975e\u6d32\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u5f00\u53d1\u836f\u54c1\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0a\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4\u4eba\u548c\u4f01\u4e1a\u539f\u610f\u8fdb\u884c\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u75be\u75c5\u53d1\u75c5\u673a\u5236\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u548c\u9488\u5bf9\u65b0\u53d1\u7684\u4f20\u67d3\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u957f\u671f\u800c\u8ba1\u5212\u5468\u5bc6\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u836f\u54c1\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u5bf9\u6295\u8d44\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u6bb5\u5408\u7406\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u624d\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0a\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u7597\u4eea\u5668\u548c\u624b\u672f\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u800c\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5e86\u5e78\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u51fa\u751f\u5728<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u53ea\u6709<\/span>39-40<\/span>\u5c81\u3002\u5728<\/span>21<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u5df2\u6bd4\u539f\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u73b0\u5df2\u8fbe\u5230<\/span>75<\/span>\u5c81\u5de6\u53f3\u751a\u81f3<\/span>80<\/span>\u5c81\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6539\u5584\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u9ad8\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u75be\u75c5\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u8bca\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bff\u547d\u7684\u5ef6\u957f\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u65b0\u578b\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u836f\u7269\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6539\u5584\u751f\u547d\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u75be\u75c5\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u6709\u5173\u7ec4\u7ec7\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u7ec6\u80de\u836f\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u57fa\u56e0\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u75be\u75c5\u9057\u4f20\u673a\u5236\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5f00\u53d1\u836f\u54c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u836f\u54c1\u5c06\u5bf9\u4ee5\u5f80\u6cbb\u7597\u6ca1\u6709\u6548\u679c\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5176\u524d\u666f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u3002\u5728\u672a\u6765\u7684<\/span>50<\/span>\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c06\u6210\u529f\u5730\u653b\u7834\u90a3\u4e9b\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u6216\u4e0d\u80fd\u6cbb\u6108\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u3002 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u662f\u4e2a\u8270\u5de8\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u8d44\u6e90\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u8d44\u6e90\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u836f\u7269\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u65b0\u5174\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u5b83\u6b63\u663e\u5f97\u65e5\u76ca\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u836f\u54c1\u5236\u9020\u6709\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u89c4\u7ae0\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u533b\u751f\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u6b64\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u52a0\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u533b\u751f\u548c\u516c\u4f17\u5e94\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\uff0c\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u800c\u4e14\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u836f\u54c1\u5df2\u904d\u5e03\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u4f46\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u9500\u552e\u5206\u5e03\u5e76\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u6bcf\u51fa\u552e<\/span>100<\/span>\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u836f\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u7ea6\u6709<\/span>85%<\/span>\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\uff0c\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u9500\u552e\u53ea\u5360\u5168\u7403\u836f\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\u7684<\/span>14%<\/span>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u836f\u54c1\u7814\u53d1\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u672f\u673a\u6784\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u4f46\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u533b\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u6765\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u3002\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u4e3b\u8981\u6e90\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u745e\u58eb\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u836f\u54c1\u591a\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u9500\u552e\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u836f\u54c1\u8fdb\u5165\u897f\u65b9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c<\/span>ICH<\/span>\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u5171\u4eab\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u5c06\u770b\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6765\u81ea\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u65b0\u836f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u5f00\u53d1\u4ee3\u4ef7\u9ad8\u6602\u3002\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u603b\u6536\u76ca\u7684<\/span>20%<\/span>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u592a\u7a7a\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u5de5\u4e1a\u3002\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u540e\u4e24\u7c7b\u5de5\u4e1a\u7528\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u53ea\u5360\u5176\u9500\u552e\u989d\u7684<\/span>4%<\/span>\u3002\u800c\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u8981\u82b1\u8d39<\/span>20%<\/span>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\u5982\u6b64\u6602\u8d35\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

\udbc0\udc85 <\/span>\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u5408\u6210<\/span>10000<\/span>\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u5236\u6210\u65b0\u836f\u8fdb\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\udbc0\udc85 <\/span>\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9700\u8981<\/span>12-15<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\udbc0\udc85 <\/span>\u56e0\u4e3a\u9884\u8ba1\u82b1\u8d39\u9700\u8981<\/span>3-5<\/span>\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\udbc0\udc85 <\/span>\u56e0\u4e3a\u9700\u8981\u5927\u7ea6\u6709<\/span>3000-5000<\/span>\u4e2a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u53c2\u52a0\u4e0a\u5e02\u524d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff1a\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u9700\u8981\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee3\u4ef7\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u8017\u65f6\u5f88\u957f\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5206\u6790\u836f\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u836f\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5206\u671f \uff08<\/span>2<\/span><\/strong>\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u8ff0\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u5206\u6210\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u9636\u6bb5\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6216\u52a8\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u9636\u6bb5\u3001\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u9636\u6bb5\u8fd8\u53ef\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6210<\/span>4<\/span>\u6bb5\uff1a\u7b2c<\/span>I<\/span>\u671f\u81f3\u7b2c<\/span>IV<\/span>\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u82b1\u8d39\u5728\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5408\u6210\u548c\u5bfb\u627e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c06\u6295\u5165\u5230\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9636\u6bb5\u548c\u4eba\u4f53\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u9700\u8981\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\u7531\u4e24\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u6cbb\u7597\u63a2\u7d22\u671f\uff08<\/span>I<\/span>\u671f\u548c<\/span>II<\/span>\u671f\uff09\u548c\u6cbb\u7597\u786e\u8bc1\u671f\uff08<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u548c<\/span>IV<\/span>\u671f\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728<\/span>I<\/span>\u671f\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u89c2\u5bdf\u673a\u4f53\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u884c\u5904\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53c8\u79f0\u4f5c\u836f\u4ee3\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u65b0\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u673a\u4f53\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a\u836f\u6548\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fdb\u5165\u7b2c<\/span>II<\/span>\u671f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u671f\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5242\u91cf\uff0c\u7528\u5b83\u4e0e\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u6216\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\u836f\u54c1\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u7b2c<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u6269\u5c55\u81f3\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7fa4\uff1a\u8001\u5e74\u75c5\u4eba\u3001\u4f34\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u5728\u7b2c<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7efc\u5408\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u4ee5\u4fbf\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u8d39<\/span>1<\/span>\u81f3<\/span>2<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5f53\u836f\u54c1\u6700\u7ec8\u8fdb\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u7b2c<\/span>IV<\/span>\u671f\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u8fd9\u671f\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba4\u8bc6\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u7b2c<\/span>IV<\/span>\u671f\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7f3a\u4e4f\u521b\u9020\u529b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ea7\u54c1\u7f3a\u5c11\u65b0\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u9650\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u836f\u54c1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u9636\u6bb5\u90fd\u8981\u4e25\u683c\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c<\/span>ICH<\/span>\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6307\u5357\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u836f\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\u5982\u4f55\u8bc4\u4f30\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\uff0c\u6307\u5357\u4e5f\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u836f\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u4e0a\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u836f\u54c1\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u65b0\u6307\u5357\u5b9a\u671f\u53d1\u5e03<\/span>, <\/span>\u5e76\u8bf4\u660e\u5982\u4f55\u6839\u636e\u4eba\u4f53\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u75c5\u673a\u5236\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u65b0\u836f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53d1\u5e03\u6709\u5173\u836f\u54c1\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u5728<\/span>GMP<\/span>\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5f00\u53d1\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u5373<\/span>III <\/span>\u671f\u5373\u5c06\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5730\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u751f\u4ea7\u8be5\u836f\u54c1\u5e76\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u4fdd\u8bc1\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u836f\u54c1\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u662f<\/span>8<\/span>\u5e74\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u79cd\u836f\u54c1\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u7ea6\u9700\u8981<\/span>15<\/span>\u5e74\u3002\u8fd9<\/span>15<\/span>\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709<\/span>6<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u836f\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c<\/span>7<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6295\u5165\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6709<\/span>2<\/span>\u5e74\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u62a5\u6279\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u968f\u7740\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u88ab\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u836f\u54c1\u5176\u6cbb\u7597\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e5f\u88ab\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u65f6\u671f\u5728\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6700\u77ed\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u836f\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u836f\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\u5df2\u7ecf\u751f\u6548\u3002\u4e13\u5229\u4fdd\u62a4\u671f\u6301\u7eed<\/span>18-20<\/span>\u5e74\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u751f\u4ea7\u8fd9\u79cd\u836f\u54c1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u836f\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5f53\u5c40\u5bf9\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8981\u5feb\u9a6c\u52a0\u97ad\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4ea7\u54c1\u5728\u6700\u77ed\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u8fdb\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u6709\u5173\u5b9e\u9a8c\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9636\u6bb5\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e00\u4e2a\u836f\u54c1\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u836f\u54c1\u80fd\u5426\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u6240\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u79cd\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u88ab\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u6444\u53d6\u5438\u6536\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u836f\u4ee3\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u836f\u6548\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5176\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6bd2\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u6025\u6027\u6bd2\u6027\u548c\u6162\u6027\u6bd2\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u81f4\u7578\u548c\u81f4\u764c\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u90fd\u88ab\u6536\u5f55\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u5728\u7814\u65b0\u836f\uff08<\/span>IND<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd<\/span>FDA<\/span>\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5728\u4eba\u4f53\u4e2d\u5f00\u59cb\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u83b7\u5f97\u6b63\u5f0f\u6279\u51c6\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5236\u836f\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c31\u4f1a\u52a0\u5f3a\u6709\u5173\u65b0\u836f\u4fe1\u606f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u3002<\/span>IND<\/span>\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u53d1\u8ba1\u5212\u88ab\u6279\u51c6\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c9f\u901a\u3002\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4f1a\u53cd\u6620\u5728<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u8ba1\u5212\u4fee\u6539\u4e0a\uff0c<\/span>FDA<\/span>\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u5c31\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u63d0\u51fa\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u836f\u88ab\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u4e00\u5957\u5305\u62ec\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9636\u6bb5\u548c\u4e34\u5e8a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u6599\u7528\u4ee5\u5411\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u836f\u7533\u8bf7\uff08<\/span>NDA<\/span>\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>MAA<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5927\u7ea6\u9700\u8981<\/span>2<\/span>\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u836f\u54c1\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5305\u62ec\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u75c7\u4f1a\u88ab\u63d0\u4ea4\uff0c\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5236\u836f\u4f01\u4e1a\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u95f4\u603b\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5012\u6f0f\u6597\u6837\u7684\u56fe\u8868\u3002\u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span>10,000<\/span>\u5206\u5b50\u5408\u6210\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7ec8\u7ecf\u5386<\/span>12-15<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u5165\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/span>10,000<\/span>\u5408\u6210\u5206\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709<\/span>1000<\/span>\u4e2a\u8fdb\u5165\u5b9e\u9a8c\u836f\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5f53\u4e2d\u6709<\/span>10<\/span>\u4e2a\u8fdb\u5165<\/span>I<\/span>\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span>\u671f\u662f\u9996\u6b21\u5728\u4eba\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u836f\u4ee3\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u836f\u6548\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>30%<\/span>\u5408\u6210\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u5728<\/span>I<\/span>\u671f\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70\uff0c\u53ea\u6709<\/span>7<\/span>\u4e2a\u8fdb\u5165<\/span>II<\/span>\u671f\u3002\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>2<\/span>\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u5b83\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u836f\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u7cbe\u5236\u3001\u590d\u6742\u4e14\u8017\u8d44\u9ad8\u6602\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u836f\u7269\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u836f\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5019\u9009\u836f\u54c1\u5728<\/span>II<\/span>\u671f\u548c<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\u56e0\u4e3a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5145\u5206\u5c55\u793a\u5176\u9644\u52a0\u4ef7\u503c\u800c\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u518d\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span>I<\/span>\u671f\u662f\u836f\u54c1\u5728\u4eba\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u836f\u7269\u8bd5\u9a8c\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5065\u5eb7\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u6765\u81ea\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u6709\u5173\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u836f\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u6216\u6b64\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u7ecf\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5355\u4f4d\u5206\u5e03\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u63a2\u5bfb\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u836f\u7269\u5bf9\u673a\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u673a\u4f53\u5bf9\u836f\u7269\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5728\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u836f\u4ee3\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u836f\u6548\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u9762\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c<\/span>30%<\/span>\u7684\u836f\u7269\u8fdb\u5165<\/span>I <\/span>\u671f\u540e\u6dd8\u6c70<\/span>,<\/span>\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6216\u8005\u6709\u751f\u7269\u5229\u7528\u6216\u6444\u53d6\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8010\u53d7\u6027\u8f83\u5dee\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6709\u4e86<\/span>I<\/span>\u671f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u51c6\u5907\u8fdb\u5165<\/span>II<\/span>\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6cbb\u7597\u63a2\u7d22\u671f\u3002<\/span>II<\/span>\u671f\u65f6\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7528\u6765\u6cbb\u7597\u7279\u5b9a\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u836f\u7269\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4f5c\u7528\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u836f\u7269\u7ec4\u6216\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u6548\u5e94\u5f88\u5f3a\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u75bc\u75db\u5c31\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u6291\u90c1\u4e5f\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75be\u75c5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u4f3c\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u65b0\u836f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u7684\u7597\u6548\u548c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u6709\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

II <\/span>\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u548c\u5242\u91cf\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u624d\u667a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8981\u7528\u7ea6<\/span>300-500<\/span>\u540d\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u7fa4\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u836f\u7269\u5728\u5176\u6700\u4f73\u5242\u91cf\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bf7\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bc4\u5224\u6307\u6807\u548c\u5408\u683c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u5242\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5242\u91cf\u7684\u836f\u54c1\u4f4e\u6bd2\u6027\u4f46\u65e0\u6548\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f3a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5242\u91cf\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u9ad8\u7684\u6bd2\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u70b9\u3002\u4ece<\/span>I<\/span>\u671f\u548c<\/span>II<\/span>\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e73\u8861\u53c2\u6570\u5c06\u88ab\u63d0\u4ea4\u5230\u7ba1\u7406\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u4ee5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7b2c<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u5c06\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5168\u7403\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u533a\u53c2\u4e0e\u836f\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u901f\u8fdb\u884c\u5e76\u4e14\u6295\u8d44\u5de8\u5927\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6cbb\u7597\u786e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4e0e\u5df2\u786e\u7acb\u7597\u6548\u7684\u836f\u7269\u76f8\u5bf9\u7167\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6570\u5343\u540d\u7684\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5c06\u53c2\u52a0\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5df2\u670d\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u836f\u7269\u7684\u5408\u5e76\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u836f\u7269\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u9009\u7528\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u6216\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u6709\u786e\u5b9a\u7597\u6548\u7684\u901a\u7528\u6cbb\u7597\u836f\u7269\u3002<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u5f53\u836f\u54c1\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4eba\u7fa4\u65f6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u6548\u679c\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5373<\/span>IV<\/span>\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

IV<\/span>\u671f\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002\u65b0\u7a76\u4ec5\u5e94\u8be5\u7ec8\u6b62\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u5bfb\u627e\u5176\u6709\u5173\u7684\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7f3a\u4e4f\u521b\u65b0\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c<\/span>IV<\/span>\u671f\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u8981\u5c06\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u836f\u54c1\u4e0e\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u836f\u54c1\u52a0\u4ee5\u533a\u522b\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u6bd4\u8f83\u836f\u7269\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u8be5\u836f\u5728\u836f\u7269\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u76ca\u5904\u3002<\/span>IV<\/span>\u671f\u7814\u7a76\u6c38\u65e0\u6b62\u5883\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684<\/span>IV<\/span>\u671f\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a\u836f\u54c1\u4e0a\u5e02\u540e\u9700\u8981\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e86\u89e3\u5176\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u9644\u52a0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5206\u6790\u6709\u5173\u836f\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u836f\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5206\u671f <\/span>(3)<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u6709\u5173\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u836f\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8bc4\u4ef7\u548c\u4e0a\u5e02\u540e\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6cbb\u7597\u7528\u836f\u7269\u6709\u76ca\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u836f\u7269\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u836f\u7269\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5176\u7597\u6548\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u662f\u6781\u5176\u5173\u952e\u7684\uff0c\u7597\u6548\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u5e94\u5206\u522b\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5728\u5c06\u836f\u54c1\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u4f53\u4eba\u7fa4\u65f6\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e0d\u826f\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u867d\u7136\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u836f\u54c1\u4e0a\u5e02\u540e\u8bc4\u4ef7\u836f\u54c1\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u754c\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u6301\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5728\u836f\u54c1\u4e0a\u5e02\u540e\u5171\u540c\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u8ba4\u8bc6\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f\u4ece<\/span>I<\/span>\u671f\u5230<\/span>III<\/span>\u671f\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5165\u9009\u7684\u75c5\u4f8b\u6570\u4ecd\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5927\u7ea6<\/span>5000<\/span>\u540d\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5165\u9009\u548c\u6392\u9664\u6807\u51c6\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u7fa4\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u672a\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u513f\u7ae5\u3001\u598a\u5a20\u5987\u5973\u548c\u8001\u5e74\u4eba\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u75c5\u4eba\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u836f\u7269\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u6216\u5df2\u60a3\u5176\u4ed6\u75be\u75c5<\/span>, <\/span>\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u65b0\u836f\u5176\u5242\u91cf\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6216\u4f4e\u4e8e\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u63a8\u8350\u5242\u91cf\u6216\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u826f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u9636\u6bb5\u672a\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5176\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u673a\u7387\u4e3a<\/span>1\/5000<\/span>\u6216<\/span>1\/10000<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e02\u540e\u76d1\u6d4b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u5e02\u540e\u76d1\u6d4b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u786e\u7acb\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u8bf1\u53d1\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u4e34\u5e8a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e2d\u65b0\u836f\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7597\u6548\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u836f\u7269\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e02\u540e\u76d1\u6d4b\u662f<\/span>IV<\/span>\u671f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u5168\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0e\u4e00\u79cd\u836f\u7269\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6709<\/span>A<\/span>\u3001<\/span>B<\/span>\u548c<\/span>C<\/span>\u4e09\u7c7b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span>1<\/span>\uff05\uff0c\u5219\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0e\u5242\u91cf\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4e0e\u836f\u7269\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u6216\u836f\u7406\u5b66\u673a\u5236\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4e14\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u6682\u505c\u4f7f\u7528\u836f\u7269\u65f6\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u836f\u540e\u526f\u4f5c\u7528\u53c8\u518d\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/span>A<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e38\u89c1\u901a\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8f83\u5c11\u89c1\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u5c11\u4e8e<\/span>1\/1000<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75c5\u4f8b\u4e2d\u672a\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u8bf1\u53d1\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u673a\u5236\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc7\u654f\uff0c\u514d\u75ab\u56e0\u7d20\u6216\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u836f\u7269\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u77ed\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u56e0\u6b64<\/span>B<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u66f4\u96be\u8bca\u65ad\u548c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5176\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u4e0e\u836f\u7269\u6709\u5173\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u75c5\u60a3\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u513f\u7ae5\u670d\u7528\u963f\u53f8\u5339\u6797\u63a7\u5236\u75b1\u75b9\u611f\u67d3\u65f6\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8111\u75c5\u548c\u809d\u529f\u80fd\u8870\u7aed\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u7f13\u89e3\u9f3b\u585e\u836f\u7269\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u6027\u4e2d\u8111\u5352\u4e2d\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u6216\u670d\u7528\u964d\u4f4e\u98df\u6b32\u836f\u7269\u65f6\u5fc3\u810f\u74e3\u819c\u75c5\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e0d\u826f\u53cd\u5e94\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u957f\u671f\u7528\u836f\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u660e\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u672a\u660e\u786e\u836f\u7269\u5728\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5c0f\u4f46\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span>C<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u5c11\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176<\/span>\u4e86\u89e3\u6700\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u9891\u7e41\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u53eb\u505c\u7528\u836f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u836f\u54c1\u64a4\u51fa\u5e02\u573a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0d\u826f\u53cd\u5e94\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

A<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u975e\u5e38\u5bb9\u6613\u68c0\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u9636\u6bb5\u6216\u5176\u540e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u4e0a\u5e02\u540e\u76d1\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u68c0\u51fa\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u4e3b\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u62a5\u544a\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u6216\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u89e3\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u5bf9\u836f\u7269\u4f5c\u7528\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u53ef\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0d\u826f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u68c0\u51fa<\/span>B<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u76f8\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u53d1\u62a5\u544a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6216\u901a\u8fc7\u5904\u65b9<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e8b\u4ef6\u76d1\u6d4b\uff08<\/span>PEM) <\/span>\u5206\u6790\u6216\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u836f\u7269\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8f83\u5c11\u89c1\uff0c\u66f4\u96be\u4ee5\u68c0\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u6216\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u6bd4\u8f83\u63a5\u53d7\u8be5\u836f\u548c\u672a\u63a5\u53d7\u8be5\u836f\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u5927\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u68c0\u51fa\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5904\u65b9<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e8b\u4ef6\u76d1\u6d4b\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e5f\u53ef\u68c0\u51fa<\/span>C<\/span>\u7c7b\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u54ea\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ca\u65f6\u548c\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u826f\u597d\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0d\u826f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5173\u8054\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u770b\u5f00\u53d1\u836f\u54c1\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5236\u54c1\u4e0e\u5f00\u53d1\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u533b\u7597\u4eea\u5668\u548c\u672f\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u8bf7\u6ce8\u610f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u836f\u54c1\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5236\u54c1\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5f88\u4e25\u683c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u5bf9\u5176\u79d1\u5b66\u6027\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u5bf9\u533b\u7597\u4eea\u5668\u548c\u672f\u5f0f\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u7ba1\u7406\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8bef\u5dee\u7559\u6709\u7684\u4f59\u5730\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u5236\u836f\u884c\u4e1a\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7ba1\u7406\u76d1\u63a7\u6700\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u52aa\u529b\u5f00\u53d1\u633d\u6551\u751f\u547d\u7684\u65b0\u836f\uff0c\u5236\u836f\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u4e0d\u65ad\u4fdd\u6301\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u836f\u54c1\u7684\u7597\u6548\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8c22\u8c22\u5927\u5bb6\uff01\u5e0c\u671b\u4f60\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u518d\u89c1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e03\u8bb2 <\/span>\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Guillermo Rodriguez <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bb2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u679c\u662f\u8fd0\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u63ed\u793a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u3002\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u9057\u7559\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u627e\u5230\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u5c31\u662f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u8be5\u73b0\u8c61\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\uff1a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8be5\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u7136\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u5230\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\uff1a\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u5408\u9002\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u53bb\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9488\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u6211\u4eec\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e09\u7c7b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u56de\u7b54\u4efb\u4f55\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u662f\u5206\u6790\u6027\u6216\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u501f\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u82b1\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u8bc1\u660e\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u663e\u793a\u7684\u662f\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5212\u5206\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6216\u8005\u89c2\u5bdf\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u91c7\u53d6\u5e72\u9884\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u53c8\u53ef\u88ab\u5206\u6210\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u548c\u5206\u6790\u6216\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u75c5\u4f8b\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u7cfb\u5217\u75c5\u4f8b\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u6a2a\u65ad\u9762\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5206\u6790\u6216\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002 \u57fa\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\u627e\u5230\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u6027\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e3b\u52a8\u5e72\u9884\u8bd5\u56fe\u6539\u53d8\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e86\u89e3\u6cbb\u7597\u63aa\u65bd\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e5f\u53ef\u5206\u6210\u4e24\u5927\u7ec4\uff0c\u5373\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u835f\u8403\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6b21\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u6700\u540e\u90e8\u5206\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u7b80\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5bf9\u5f62\u6210\u5047\u8bbe\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u5904\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4f60\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u7b80\u5355\u6613\u884c\uff0c\u8d39\u7528\u4f4e\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u533b\u5e08\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4ee5\u53ca\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6709\u5173\u4eba\u7c7b\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u8be5\u7c7b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5728\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u4e2d\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u75c5\u4f8b\u62a5\u544a\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u81ea\u6709\u5173<\/span>AIDS<\/span>\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u75c5\u4f8b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u8be5\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u7cfb\u5217\u75c5\u4f8b\u62a5\u544a\u901a\u5e38\u6765\u81ea\u533b\u9662\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u56de\u987e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5176\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u60a3\u6709\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u75be\u75c5\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u4eba\u7fa4\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u75be\u75c5\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5206\u6790\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\u4e0d\u540c\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u75c5\u56e0\uff0c\u75c5\u539f\u5b66\uff0c\u9884\u540e\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u8bca\u65ad\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53bb\u63a7\u5236\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5206\u914d\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u987e\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6216\u53ef\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6a2a\u65ad\u9762\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u524d\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5373\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span>Meta<\/span>\u5206\u6790\uff08\u835f\u8403\u5206\u6790\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u6bd4\u8f83\u66b4\u9732\u4e0e\u975e\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u4e0b\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76<\/span>,<\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u75be\u75c5\u51fa\u53d1\u6765\u770b\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7531\u60a3\u6709\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u627e\u51fa\u6709\u53ef\u6bd4\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\uff0c\u56de\u987e\u8fc7\u53bb\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u662f\u5426\u66fe\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u3002\u5b83\u7531\u75c5\u4f8b\uff0c\u5373\u60a3\u75c5\u7684\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4ece\u75be\u75c5\u5411\u540e\u5bfb\u627e\u5230\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u3002\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u6765\u81ea\u540c\u4e00\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e24\u7ec4\u4eba\u4e2d\u6709\u6216\u65e0\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\u7531\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e2d\u6bd4\u6570\u6bd4\uff08<\/span>OR) <\/span>\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6bd4\u6570\u6bd4\u5927\u4e8e<\/span>1<\/span>\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6bd4\u6570\u6bd4\u5c0f\u4e8e<\/span>1<\/span>\uff0c\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>?<\/span>\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684<\/span>,<\/span>\u5b83\u4eec\u7528\u4e00\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6536\u96c6\u75c5\u4f8b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u6ca1\u6709\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7b49\u5f85\u6570\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u7b54\u6848\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u5b83\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u5c11\u89c1\u75be\u75c5\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528<\/span>, <\/span>\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u5efa\u7acb\u6709\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u8d77\u56e0\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u82b1\u8d39\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u70b9<\/span>(<\/span>\u52a3\u52bf<\/span>)<\/span>\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5f88\u96be\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5728\u75c5\u4f8b\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u53ef\u6bd4\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u56de\u987e\u6027\u89c2\u5bdf<\/span> , <\/span>\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u65f6\u5728\u7684\u786e\u4fdd\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ec4\u66b4\u9732\u7684\u53ef\u6bd4\u6027\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u591a\u4e2a\u5bf9\u7167\u4eba\u7fa4\u6765\u9a8c\u8bc1\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u51fa\u53d1\u5230\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8ddf\u8e2a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7fa4\uff08\u524d\u77bb\u6027\uff09<\/span>, <\/span>\u6709\u65f6\u9700\u6570\u5e74\u3002\u5728\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bc4\u4f30\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8bd5\u7740\u53bb\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u90a3\u4e9b\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u6bd4\u672a\u88ab\u66b4\u9732\u4eba\u7fa4\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u53d1\u75c5\u7387\u3002\u65f6\u5e38\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u59cb\u6570\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8f83\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u82b1\u8d39\u9ad8\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u8054\u7cfb\u7531\u7edf\u8ba1\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5927\u4e8e<\/span>1<\/span>\u3002\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4ece\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u88ab\u8ddf\u8e2a<\/span>, <\/span>\u6240\u4ee5\u66b4\u9732\u7684\u6570\u636e\u80fd\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u4f1a\u663e\u793a\u8c01\u88ab\u66b4\u9732\u548c\u8c01\u6ca1\u6709\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u8f83\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u66f4\u5145\u5206<\/span>,<\/span>\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u70b9<\/span>(<\/span>\u52a3\u52bf<\/span>)<\/span>\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u961f\u5217\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u504f\u501a\u3002\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5931\u8bbf\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5728\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5931\u9632\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u671f\u95f4\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u7279\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6240\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u67d0\u4e9b\u66fe\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u4e0b\u3002\u6216\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u521d\u671f\u672a\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u671f\u95f4\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u4e2d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8bca\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfc\u81f4\u76d1\u6d4b\u504f\u501a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u6765\u8bca\u65ad\u5728\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u671f\u95f4\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5165\u9009\u6216\u6392\u9664\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6570\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5f88\u6602\u8d35\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u56de\u987e\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u524d\u77bb\u7684\u3002\u6240\u7528\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u6307\u6807\u5728\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u662f\u6bd4\u6570\u6bd4\uff08<\/span>OR)<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u5ea6\u3002\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u82b1\u8d39\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u82b1\u8d39\u8f83\u9ad8\u3002\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u9700\u6837\u672c\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u9700\u6837\u672c\u8f83\u5927\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u4ece\u6548\u679c\u5230\u8d77\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u4ece\u8d77\u56e0\u5230\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6a2a\u65ad\u9762\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u60a3\u75c5\u7387\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u6bd4\u5206\u6790\u66f4\u5f3a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u91cd\u73b0\u5728\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u524d\u77bb\u6216\u56de\u987e\u3002\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u603b\u4f53<\/span>,<\/span>\u800c\u4e14\u6839\u636e\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6709\u65e0\u5bf9\u4eba\u7fa4\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b<\/span>,<\/span>\u5c1d\u8bd5\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5176\u6b21\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u53ef\u5305\u62ec\u51b3\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e8c\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u65f6\u5e38\u7ee7\u4e4b\u4ee5\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76<\/span>,<\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u79cd\u6e90\u7814\u7a76<\/span>, <\/span>\u5728\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u800c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6a2a\u65ad\u9762\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f18\u52bf<\/span>:<\/span>\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u6548\u7387\uff1b\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a6c\u4e0a\u6536\u96c6\u5230<\/span>;<\/span>\u4f60\u4e0d\u987b\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u56de\u5e94\u7b49\u5019\u6570\u5e74\u3002\u6a2a\u65ad\u9762\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u4e0a\u88ab\u91cd\u590d<\/span>, <\/span>\u7efc\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u786e\u5b9a\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u7279\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6a2a\u65ad\u9762\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u70b9<\/span>: <\/span>\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u9009\u62e9\u504f\u501a\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u771f\u7684\u5177\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u5417<\/span>?<\/span>\u771f\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5417<\/span>? <\/span>\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5982\u679c\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u56de\u5e94<\/span>,<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8be5\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u6240\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\u51b3\u5b9a\u7279\u6b8a\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u73b0\u6216\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u6548\u679c\u3002\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9700\u8981\u81f3\u5c11\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u516b\u5341\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u7387\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u6b21\u5e8f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u662f\u5426\u66b4\u9732\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee5\u524d\u8fd8\u662f\u4ee5\u540e\u603b\u662f\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u672a\u80fd\u5904\u7406\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728\u8fd9\u513f\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c06\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u5e72\u9884\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u672a\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1 \uff08<\/span>2<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u4e00\u8282\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff1a\u89c2\u5bdf\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5e76\u52aa\u529b\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u672c\u8282\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8981\u4e3b\u52a8\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u5e72\u9884\u5e76\u4e14\u6d4b\u5b9a\u5176\u6548\u679c\u3002\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b0\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u6700\u6709\u529b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u6d4b\u5b9a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ec4\u548c\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u6765\u6bd4\u8f83\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3001\u75c5\u56e0\u53ca\u75c5\u539f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u968f\u673a\u53cc\u76f2\u5bf9\u7167\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91d1\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5bf9\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u533b\u5b66\u4e0a\u901a\u8fc7\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u4ece\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u5faa\u8bc1\u533b\u5b66\u3002\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u5728<\/span>1747<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>,<\/span>\u7531\u4e00\u540d\u82f1\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u519b\u533b<\/span>,James Lindt<\/span>\u535a\u58eb\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c34\u624b\u5f97\u4e86\u574f\u8840\u75c5\uff0c\u60f3\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u6311\u9009\u4e86<\/span>12<\/span>\u4e2a\u6c34\u624b\u5e76\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u5206\u6210<\/span>6<\/span>\u4e2a\u7ec4\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ec4\u91c7\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1b\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u6d77\u6c34\u6cbb\u7597\uff1b\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7528\u9152\u7cbe\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7528\u67e0\u6aac\u6c41\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u670d\u7528\u67e0\u6aac\u6c41\u7684\u6c34\u624b\u4e0d\u5f97\u574f\u8840\u75c5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c<\/span>Lindt<\/span>\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u5374\u662f\u6cbb\u7597\u574f\u8840\u75c5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u65b0\u9c9c\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u5947\u602a\u4ed6\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u662f\u6c34\u679c\u9884\u9632\u574f\u8840\u75c5\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u662f\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u800c\u4e14\u666e\u904d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u65b0\u9c9c\u7a7a\u6c14\u662f\u574f\u8840\u75c5\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u90a3\u65f6\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u600e\u6837\u7684\u4e0d\u53d7\u91cd\u89c6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1931<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c<\/span>Amberson<\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u5316\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u4e0e<\/span>sanocrisina<\/span>\u6cbb\u7597\u80ba\u7ed3\u6838\u75c5\u3002\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u540e\uff0c<\/span>Austin Bradford Hill<\/span>\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u4ed6\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u94fe\u9709\u7d20\u4e0e\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u5bf9\u80ba\u7ed3\u6838\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u4e94\u5e74\u540e\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c<\/span>RobertAustrian<\/span>\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6587\u732e\u3002\u8be5\u8bd5\u9a8c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u5728\u80ba\u708e\u7403\u83cc\u80ba\u708e\u4e2d\u7684\u7597\u6548\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u7167\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3001\u53c2\u52a0\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u3001\u662f\u5426\u968f\u673a\u3001\u662f\u5426\u76f2\u6cd5\u6216\u5f62\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4f9d\u7167\u53c2\u52a0\u4e2d\u5fc3\u88ab\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u8bd5\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5355\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u662f\u591a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u533b\u5b66\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u672c\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4? \u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u5bf9\u7167\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u7528\u5386\u53f2\u5bf9\u7167,\u9009\u62e9\u76f8\u540c\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\uff0c\u628a\u8fc7\u53bb\u6cbb\u7597\u8fc7\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u5386\u53f2\u5bf9\u7167\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5c31\u50cf\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837? \u5386\u53f2\u5bf9\u7167\u5f88\u96be\u8bc4\u4f30,\u6216\u5f88\u96be\u4e0e\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u5b9a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u8bca\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u6309\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u96be\u786e\u4fdd\u4e8c\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53ef\u6bd4\u6027\u3002\u540c\u671f\u5bf9\u7167\u662f\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u7684\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f,\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ec4\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e24\u7ec4\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u91c7\u7528\u81ea\u8eab\u5bf9\u7167\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u7167\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u6761\u4ef6\u624d\u53ef\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u968f\u673a\u5316\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5206\u914d\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ec4\u4e2d? \u975e\u968f\u673a\u5316\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7531\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u51b3\u5b9a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5c06\u63a5\u53d7\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u5728A\u6216B\u6cbb\u7597\u7ec4\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5316\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6295\u63b7\u786c<\/span>\u5e01\u6216\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u8ba1\u56fe\u8868\u51b3\u5b9a\u67d0\u4e00\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u63a5\u53d7\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u6216\u5206\u5c42\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u91cc\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u7ec4\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u5747\u662f\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u968f\u673a\u5316\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d<\/span>, <\/span>\u8fdb\u5165\u5168\u7403\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u4f9d\u7167\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u7edf\u8ba1\u56fe\u8868\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bbe\u76f2\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5206\u7c7b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6307\u6807\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u6216\u975e\u76f2\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>, <\/span>\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u79d1\u624b\u672f\u8bbe\u76f2\u662f\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\u7684\uff1b\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6216\u63a5\u53d7\u624b\u672f\u6216\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u5355\u76f2\uff0c\u65e2\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u6b63\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u662f\u4f55\u79cd\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u786e\u5b9e\u77e5\u9053\u6b63\u5728\u7ed9\u4e88\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u53cc\u76f2\uff0c\u5373\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u662f\u54ea\u77e5\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u53cc\u76f2\u53cc\u6a21\u62df\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u5f53\u5404\u6cbb\u7597\u7ec4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u836f\u7269\u65f6\uff0c\u53cc\u76f2\u53cc\u6a21\u62df\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u6709\u7528\u7684\u8bbe\u76f2\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7ec4\u63a5\u53d7\u9759\u8109\u836f\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\u63a5\u53d7\u53e3\u670d\u836f\u7269<\/span>,<\/span>\u5219\u5f00\u4f7f\u7528\u9759\u8109\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u6216\u53e3\u670d\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u7ef4\u62a4\u76f2\u6cd5\u3002\u4e24\u7ec4\u75c5\u4eba\u90fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e24\u79cd\u836f\u7269<\/span>,<\/span>\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u9759\u8109\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u53e3\u670d\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span>, <\/span>\u4f46\u6b64\u65f6\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u6d3b\u6027\u836f\u7269\u53e6\u4e00\u662f\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5c06\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bdd\u9898\u3002\u4e24\u7ec4\u540c\u65f6\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u662f\u5e73\u884c\u7ec4\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e5f\u53ef\u91c7\u7528\u7528\u4ea4\u53c9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u6790\u56e0\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6216\u65b9\u5dee\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u5e73\u884c\u7ec4\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u4e00\u4e9b\u9009\u5165\u548c\u6392\u9664\u6807\u51c6\u9009\u62e9\u53d7\u8bd5\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u7136\u540e<\/span>, <\/span>\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u88ab\u968f\u673a\u5206\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u7ec4<\/span>A<\/span>\u6216\u6cbb\u7597\u7ec4<\/span> B<\/span>\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u7136\u540e\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u7597\u6548\u53ef\u7528\u4ea4\u53c9\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83<\/span>, <\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u9009\u62e9\u53d7\u8bd5\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u5206\u914d\u4ed6\u4eec\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u6cbb\u7597\u7ec4\uff0c\u7ec4<\/span>A<\/span>\u6216\u7ec4<\/span>B<\/span>\u3002\u5f53\u4e24\u7ec4\u6cbb\u7597\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u540e<\/span>, <\/span>\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u6d17\u671f\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u836f\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u3002\u63a5\u53d7<\/span>B<\/span>\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u7ec4\u5c06\u63a5\u53d7<\/span>A<\/span>\u6cbb\u7597\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6700\u597d\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u6bcf\u4e2a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u5176\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u5728\u6025\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u7528\u5728\u6162\u6027\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u8be5\u75c5\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8<\/span>,<\/span>\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u7ec4<\/span>A<\/span>\u548c\u7ec4<\/span>B<\/span>\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6790\u56e0\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u6570\u4e2a\u7ec4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u662f\u8054\u5408\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ec4\u53ef\u662f\u6cbb\u7597<\/span>A<\/span>\u548c\u6cbb\u7597<\/span>B,<\/span>\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ec4\u662f<\/span>A+B<\/span>\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u7ec4\u662f\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0d\u540c\u6cbb\u7597\u95f4\u7684\u534f\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u60f3\u7528\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u8bb2\u8bb2<\/span>meta <\/span>\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span>Meta<\/span>\u5206\u6790\u5df2\u7ecf\u975e\u5e38\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u5229\u7528\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5e93\u5b83\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u3002<\/span>Meta<\/span>\u5206\u6790\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u6570\u4e2a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u53c2\u52a0\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4ece\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c<\/span>Meta<\/span>\u5206\u6790\u975e\u5e38\u597d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6837\u672c\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u6548\u80fd\u90fd\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u70b9\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u786e\u4fdd<\/span>Meta<\/span>\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u6709\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ec4\u90fd\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8bca\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u786e\u4fdd\u5404\u4e2a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ec4\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u533b\u5b66\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u8bca\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\u4e5f\u5728\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4f7f\u6240\u8981\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ec4\u5f88\u96be\u5177\u6709\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3002<\/span>Meta<\/span>\u5206\u6790\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u91cd\u504f\u501a\u662f\u6570\u636e\u53d1\u8868\u504f\u501a\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u60f3\u62a5\u9053\u9633\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u603b\u60f3\u62a5\u9053\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u9634\u6027\u7ed3\u679c\u5e38\u5e38\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u4e0d\u62a5\u9053\u6216\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u62a5\u9053\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5bf9\u67d0\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u5df2\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8fdb\u884c<\/span>Meta<\/span>\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53ea\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4ee3\u8868\u62df\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4ece\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5230\u5206\u6790\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5230\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u3002\u4ece\u6392\u5217\u4e2d\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u591a\u65b0\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8bc1\u660e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c42\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc1\u660e\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6700\u540e\u662f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u7684\u9876\u7aef\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u603b\u4e4b<\/span>,20<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u8f6c\u4e3a\u5faa\u8bc1\u533b\u5b66\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd0\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u63ed\u793a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8bd5\u9a8c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e3b\u8981\u4ea7\u751f\u5047\u8bbe<\/span>, <\/span>\u5206\u6790\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc1\u660e\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u5b50\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb<\/span>, <\/span>\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6027\u8bd5\u9a8c\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u5e72\u9884\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span>, <\/span>\u5b83\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u8bc1\u660e\u7597\u6548\u7684\u6700\u6709\u529b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8c22\u8c22\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u516b\u8bb2 <\/span>\u5e94\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Dr. Alan Moses <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u662f<\/span>Alan Moses<\/span>\u535a\u58eb<\/span>, <\/span>\u662f\u9a6c\u8428\u8bf8\u585e\u5dde\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u7684<\/span>Joslin<\/span>\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u526f\u9662\u957f\u548c\u9996\u5e2d\u533b\u751f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b66\u4e60\u5e94\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u56de\u987e\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5b66\u4e60\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u53ca\u5e38\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u6700\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e00\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u7684\u6363\u86cb\u9b3c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u533a\u5206\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u5076\u7136\u6027\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6bd4\u8f83\u7ec4\u95f4\u5dee\u5f02<\/span>,<\/span>\u5e76\u68c0\u9a8c\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u6548\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8bd5\u9a8c\u53ca\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u5e38\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u9002\u5408\u7684\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u5e94\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u662f\u7531\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6d4b\u5b9a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u7cbe\u786e\u5ea6\u3001\u51c6\u786e\u5ea6\u3001\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u65f6\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528\u4f55\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5e94\u786e\u5b9a\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f<\/span>, <\/span>\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u51b3\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e4b\u540e\u52a0\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5bf9\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u65f6<\/span>,<\/span>\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>?<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u89e3\u91ca\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5de5\u5177\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u50cf\u4efb\u4f55\u5de5\u5177\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5de5\u5177\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0f\u5fc3\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6216\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u624d\u77e5\u9053\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528\u4f55\u79cd\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u68c0\u9a8c\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5df2\u53c2\u52a0\u57f9\u8bad\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u68c0\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8bb0\u4f4f\u7684\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u81f4\u547d\u6027\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5176\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff08<\/span>validity<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5173\u952e\u6027\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u53d1\u8868\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u90fd\u662f\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u6b63\u786e\u6027<\/span>: <\/span>\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u7684<\/span> (<\/span>\u53ef\u63a8\u5e7f\u6027<\/span>)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u51c6\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5206\u6790\u7ecf\u53d7\u5f97\u4f4f\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u548c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u5747\u652f\u6301\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5bf9\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5916\u90e8\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u6216\u53ef\u63a8\u5e7f\u6027\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u5141\u8bb8\u6240\u505a\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6700\u5927\u53ef\u63a8\u5e7f\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u5206\u5df2\u7ecf\u8c08\u5230\u8fc7\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u5305\u62ec\u7537\u6027\u3001\u5973\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u5206\u5c42\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u5c06\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e5f\u5c06\u51b3\u5b9a\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u7ed3\u8bba\u53ef\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u5e74\u9f84\u4ecb\u4e8e<\/span>5-10<\/span>\u5c81\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u4ec5\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8be5\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9009\u62e9<\/span>45<\/span>\u5c81\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e9a\u6d32\u7537\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u53ea\u80fd\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u987b\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u6240\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u968f\u673a\u53cc\u76f2\u5bf9\u7167\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6839\u672c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8457\u540d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span>Isaac Asimov<\/span>\u5f15\u7528\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u53ef\u656c\u4e4b\u5904\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u79d1\u5b66\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5df2\u5177\u6709\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4ecd\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u88ab\u68c0\u9a8c\u770b\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u666e\u904d\u5730\u6b63\u786e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u4e4b\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6cdb\u6307\u4efb\u4f55\u79d1\u5b66\u8303\u7574\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u4e00\u4e9b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\u548c\u6bd4\u503c\u6bd4\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u540e\u679c\u7684\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u5f53\u6bd4\u8f83\u66b4\u9732\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u65f6\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u3002\u6bd4\u503c\u6bd4\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u75c5\u4f8b\u5bf9\u7167\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u961f\u5217\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7c7b\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e2d\u5df2\u8bb2\u8fc7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u9996\u5148\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u663e\u793a\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u3002\u8868\u683c\u88ab\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u884c\u4e24\u5217\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5217\u662f\u53d1\u75c5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5217\u662f\u672a\u53d1\u75c5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u53d1\u75c5\u662f\u5426\u662f\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6216\u8005\u672a\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u8be5\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u66b4\u9732\u7ec4\u53d1\u75c5\u6570\u88ab\u6807\u4e3a<\/span>A<\/span>\uff0c\u66b4\u9732\u7ec4\u672a\u53d1\u75c5\u6570\u88ab\u6807\u4e3a<\/span>B<\/span>\uff0c\u975e\u66b4\u9732\u7ec4\u7684\u53d1\u75c5\u6570\u88ab\u6807\u4e3a<\/span>C<\/span>\uff0c\u975e\u66b4\u9732\u7ec4\u672a\u53d1\u75c5\u6570\u88ab\u6807\u4e3a<\/span>D<\/span>\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u683c\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\u662f\u66b4\u9732\u7ec4\u7684\u53d1\u75c5\u7387\u9664\u4ee5\u975e\u66b4\u9732\u7ec4\u7684\u53d1\u75c5\u7387\uff0c\u5373<\/span>(A\/(A+B))\/ (C\/(C+D))<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\u3002\u7528\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u6bd4\u503c\u6bd4\u7684\u8868\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8868\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4ecd\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u6216\u672a\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u53d1\u75c5\u6216\u672a\u53d1\u75c5\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u5373<\/span>A<\/span>\u548c<\/span>B<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0e<\/span>C<\/span>\u548c<\/span>D<\/span>\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6bd4\u503c\u6bd4\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7531<\/span>(A<\/span>\u00d7<\/span>D)<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u75c5\u4f8b\u7ec4\u6709\u66b4\u9732\u53f2\u00d7\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u65e0\u66b4\u9732\u53f2\u9664\u4ee5<\/span>(B<\/span>\u00d7<\/span>C)<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u75c5\u4f8b\u7ec4\u65e0\u66b4\u9732\u53f2\u00d7\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u6709\u66b4\u9732\u53f2\u3002\u6bd4\u503c\u6bd4\u5373<\/span>(A<\/span>\u00d7<\/span>D)\/(B<\/span>\u00d7<\/span>C)<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u5173\u8054\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c\u65f6<\/span>,<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u503c\u6bd4\u548c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6<\/span>?<\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u5f53\u6bd4\u503c\u6bd4\u6216\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\u5c0f\u4e8e<\/span>1<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5371\u9669\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u75be\u75c5\u5448\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\u6216\u8be5\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u6bd4\u503c\u6bd4\u548c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5371\u9669\u5ea6\u7b49<\/span>1<\/span>\u65f6\u4e8c\u8005\u65e0\u5173\u8054\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5927\u4e8e<\/span>1<\/span>\u65f6\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u5747\u8bc1\u660e\u4e3a\u6b63\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5728\u5206\u6790\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0a\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5e94\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff08<\/span>2<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206<\/span>,<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>,<\/span>\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span>,<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f83\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b66\u4e60\u65e0\u6548\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\u548c<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u7b80\u8981\u8c08\u4e00\u4e0b\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u65e0\u6548\u5047\u8bbe\u5f00\u59cb\u8c08\u8d77\u3002\u65e0\u6548\u5047\u8bbe\u5c31\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u88ab\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u4e4b\u95f4\u65e0\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u7ec4<\/span>:<\/span>\u4e00\u7ec4\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u836f\u7269\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u7ec4\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7ec4\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u5bf9\u7167\u836f\u7269\u6cbb\u7597\u7ec4\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u7684\u5e38\u89c4\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u5dee\u5f02\u662f\u7531\u5076\u7136\u6027\u6216\u6837\u672c\u504f\u5dee\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e38\u89c4\u4e0a\u6211\u4eec\u5b9a\u4e49\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u662f<\/span>0.05<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\uff0c\u5373\u6307\u7531\u4e8e\u673a\u4f1a\uff08\u5076\u7136\u6027\uff09\u5bfc\u81f4\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5c0f\u4e8e<\/span>5%<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u65e0\u6548\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u5c0f\u4e8e<\/span>1\/20<\/span>\u3002\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u60ef\u4f8b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u795e\u79d8\u611f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u5e94\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8303\u7574\u5185\u89e3\u91ca<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u6211\u4eec\u5c06<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\u7528\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u503c\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982<\/span>0.023<\/span>\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0f\u4e8e<\/span>0.5<\/span>\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u8fd9\u5c31\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u6837\u672c\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e4b\u95f4\u5dee\u5f02\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/span>0.023<\/span>\u548c<\/span>0.049<\/span>\u90fd\u5c0f\u4e8e<\/span>0.05<\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u662f<\/span>0.023<\/span>\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\u66f4\u5f3a\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u4fe1\u533a\u95f4\u53ef\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8bf4\u660e<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\u3002\u53ef\u4fe1\u533a\u95f4\u4e3a\u7edf\u8ba1\u91cf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u8868\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b<\/span>,<\/span>\u5b83\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u90e8\u5206\u4e34\u5e8a\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u53ef\u4fe1\u533a\u95f4\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u503c\u6807\u51c6\u8bef\u7684<\/span>4<\/span>\u500d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u672c\u6b21\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\u5927\u5c0f\u5e76\u4e0d\u63d0\u793a\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u65e0\u4e34\u5e8a\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u9879\u5305\u542b<\/span>3000-4000<\/span>\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7565\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6837\u672c\u4f8b\u6570\u5927\uff0c\u5dee\u5f02\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5bf9\u88ab\u6cbb\u7597\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ece\u4e34\u5e8a\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\u5dee\u5f02\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u540c\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u524d\u77bb\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff08<\/span>UKPDS<\/span>\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u5f3a\u5316\u6cbb\u7597\u4e0e\u975e\u5f3a\u5316\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u4e2d\u5927\u8840\u7ba1\u75be\u75c5<\/span>(<\/span>\u5fc3\u6897<\/span>)<\/span>\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u7387\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c<\/span> P<\/span>\u503c\u7b49\u4e8e<\/span>0.052<\/span>\uff0c\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e34\u5e8a\u533b\u5e08\u5374\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u589e\u5927\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u6216\u5ef6\u957f\u968f\u8bbf\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u5c31\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5230\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\uff0c\u8be5\u7ed3\u679c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u6709\u4e34\u5e8a\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\u5206\u6790\u65f6<\/span>,<\/span>\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e24\u7c7b\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u03b1\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u6216\u2160\u578b\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u5b83\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65e0\u6548\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u6cbb\u7597\u63aa\u65bd\u5728\u7597\u6548\u65b9\u9762\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e8c\u8005\u7597\u6548\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u03b2\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u2161\u578b\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5b83\u672a\u62d2\u7edd\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u65e0\u6548\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002\u5728\u5047\u8bbe\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u5230\u672a\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u6cbb\u7597\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u754c\u5b9a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u03b2\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u53d7\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u03b1\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u03b1\u6c34\u5e73\u5373\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u5728\u6b64\u6c34\u5e73\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u62d2\u7edd\u65e0\u6548\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e8b\u5148\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u663e\u8457\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u65e0\u6548\u5047\u8bbe\u88ab\u62d2\u7edd\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u03b2\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4f59\u6570\uff1a\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd<\/span>=1-<\/span>\u03b2\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u03b2\u9519\u8bef\u8d8a\u4f4e\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u5bf9\u4e00\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u8d8a\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u53d1\u73b0\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u6548\u76ca\uff08\u5982\u679c\u5176\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f60\u4f1a\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u8bba\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e38\u89c4\uff08\u60ef\u4f8b\uff09\uff0c\u5e38\u89c4\u662f\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4efb\u4f55\u8bd5\u9a8c\u65f6\uff0c\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u5747\u5e94\u8fbe\u5230<\/span>80%<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u8bbe\u4e3a<\/span>90%<\/span>\u3002\u4ece\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u7684\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u589e\u52a0\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u589e\u52a0\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7528\u836f\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5371\u9669\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u548c\u68c0\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7cbe\u5ea6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e94\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4f7f\u68c0\u9a8c\u6548\u80fd\u8db3\u591f\u9ad8\u5f97\u4ee5\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7279\u5b9a\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u76ca\u5904\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e48\u4ec0\u4e48\u51b3\u5b9a\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u5462\uff1f\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u4e0e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u6307\u6807\u6709\u5173\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u9002\u5408\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec8\u70b9\u6307\u6807\u5417\uff1f\u5b83\u4eec\u51c6\u786e\u5417\uff1f\u662f\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u8ba1\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u60a3\u8005\u5bf9\u4e00\u79cd\u4e34\u5e8a\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6216\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u53d8\u5f02\u8303\u56f4\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u751f\u5316\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5177\u6709\u4e34\u5e8a\u610f\u4e49\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7ec4\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u5c0f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e00\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u53d8\u5f02<\/span>10-20%<\/span>\uff0c\u5c06\u66f4\u96be\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7ec4\u95f4\u5b58\u5728<\/span>5%<\/span>\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7cbe\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u62e5\u6709\u7cbe\u786e\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u51b3\u5b9a\u6837\u672c\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u53d7\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u51b3\u5b9a\u5e72\u9884\u6240\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5e45\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\uff0c\u6982\u7387\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u68c0\u9a8c\u548c\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u7b49\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u4e3e\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u8bb2\u8ff0\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u68c0\u9a8c\u6765\u5206\u6790\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5e94\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff08<\/span>3<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Alan Moses <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5e76\u7b80\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u68c0\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u548c\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u5730\u5904\u7406\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/span>: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u662f\u5206\u7c7b\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5206\u7c7b\u6570\u636e\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u6570\u5b66\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u65e2\u65e0\u5206\u7ea7\u4e5f\u65e0\u987a\u5e8f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u6027\u522b<\/span>(<\/span>\u7537\u6027\u6216\u5973\u6027<\/span>)<\/span>\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u8840\u578b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u8840\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f<\/span>A<\/span>\u578b\u6216<\/span>B<\/span>\u578b\u6216<\/span>O<\/span>\u578b\u6216<\/span>AB<\/span>\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u65e2\u662f<\/span>A<\/span>\u53c8\u662f<\/span>B<\/span>\u578b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b49\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u6216\u5206\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u662f\u6709\u5e8f\u8d44\u6599\u4f46\u662f\u7ec4\u8ddd\u65e0\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u76f8\u7b49\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u4ece\u6700\u6613\u5230\u6700\u96be\u5206\u7ec4\u3002\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\u4f9d\u636e\u6216\u5c06\u4eba\u7fa4\u4efb\u610f\u5206\u7ec4\uff0c\u5982\u4e09\u5206\u7ec4\uff0c\u4e94\u5206\u7ec4\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u7ec4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6216\u987a\u5e8f\u5df2\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7684\u7ec4\u8ddd\u65e0\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5206\u4e94\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ec4\u7684\u7ec4\u8ddd\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4ece<\/span>1<\/span>\u5230<\/span>3,<\/span>\u800c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7ec4\u7684\u7ec4\u8ddd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4ece<\/span>75<\/span>\u5230<\/span>100<\/span>\u3002\u7ec4\u8ddd\u5927\u5c0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u4f46\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\u8fd8\u6709\u533a\u95f4\u548c\u6bd4\u7387\u6570\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u6570\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5171\u6027\u662f\u6709\u7b49\u7ea7\u6216\u6709\u987a\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5404\u4e2a\u6570\u503c\u4e4b\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u76f8\u7b49\u7684\u95f4\u8ddd\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8d44\u6599\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\u5982\u52a0\u6cd5\u51cf\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bf9\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u662f\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u663e\u793a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u6761\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\uff0c<\/span>X<\/span>\u8f74\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7fa4\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff0c<\/span>Y<\/span>\u8f74\u4ee3\u8868\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u6307\u6807\u6570\u503c\u3002\u4eba\u7fa4<\/span>50%<\/span>\u70b9\u503c\u662f\u4eba\u7fa4\u5747\u6570\u3002<\/span>1<\/span>\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u5185\u5305\u542b<\/span>67%<\/span>\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c<\/span>2<\/span>\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u5185\u5305\u542b<\/span>95%<\/span>\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709<\/span>2.5%<\/span>\u7684\u4eba\u5728<\/span>2<\/span>\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c<\/span>2.5%<\/span>\u7684\u4eba\u5728<\/span>2<\/span>\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u5dee\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5360\u5f88\u5c0f\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5373<\/span>5%<\/span>\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u6307\u6807\u662f\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7528\u6765\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u5206\u7c7b\u53d8\u91cf\u901a\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>x2<\/span>\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u5217<\/span>2<\/span>\u00d7<\/span>2<\/span>\u8868\u8fdb\u884c<\/span>x2<\/span>\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/span>x2<\/span>\u68c0\u9a8c\u4ee3\u8868<\/span>(<\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u503c<\/span>–<\/span>\u9884\u671f\u503c<\/span>)2\/<\/span>\u9884\u671f\u503c\u3002\u5176\u5b83\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u7c7b\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u5305\u62ec<\/span>Fisher <\/span>\u7cbe\u786e\u68c0\u9a8c\u548c<\/span>logistic<\/span>\u56de\u5f52\u3002\u5f53\u6574\u4f53\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u5747\u8f83\u5c0f\u6216\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u683c\u9884\u671f\u503c\u8f83\u5c0f\u65f6\uff0c<\/span>Fisher <\/span>\u7cbe\u786e\u68c0\u9a8c\u5c24\u4e3a\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/span> logistic<\/span>\u56de\u5f52\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e8c\u5206\u53d8\u91cf\u7ed3\u679c<\/span>(<\/span>\u662f\u6216\u5426<\/span>)<\/span>\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6982\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u663e\u793a\u7684\u662f\u6570\u636e\u5206\u5e03\u6570\u503c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u5de6\u4e0a\u89d2\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u636e\u662f\u4ee3\u8868\u5b9e\u9645\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u503c\u8fd8\u662f\u8bef\u5dee\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u6211\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u663e\u793a\u8840\u6e05\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\u6c34\u5e73<\/span>(Y<\/span>\u8f74<\/span>)<\/span>\u548c\u4f53\u91cd\u6307\u6570<\/span>(X<\/span>\u8f74<\/span>)<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f53\u91cd\u6307\u6570\u4ecb\u4e8e<\/span>15-60<\/span>\uff1a\u4ece\u4f53\u7626\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u80a5\u80d6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4f53\u91cd\u6307\u6570\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u548c\u7a7a\u8179\u8840\u6e05\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\u6c34\u5e73\u589e\u52a0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u5de6\u4e0a\u89d2\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4f53\u91cd\u6307\u6570\u4e3a<\/span>22<\/span>\u7684\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u9884\u671f\u7684\u7a7a\u8179\u8840\u6e05\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\u6c34\u5e73\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u7a7a\u8179\u8840\u6e05\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\u6c34\u5e73\u63a5\u8fd1<\/span>200<\/span>\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u8bef\u5dee<\/span>(<\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u503c\u662f<\/span>17<\/span>\uff0c\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6807\u9519<\/span>)<\/span>\u8fd8\u662f\u6b64\u503c\u771f\u662f\u4ecb\u4e8e<\/span>170-180<\/span>\u4e4b\u95f4\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u503c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\u53d7\u4f53\u51fa\u73b0\u57fa\u56e0\u7a81\u53d8\u7531\u6b64\u5f15\u8d77\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\u62b5\u6297\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u9488\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u4f53\u91cd\u6307\u6570\u4e0e\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c06\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u7fa4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4ee5\u56fe\u5f62\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u4e00\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u663e\u793a\u56fe\u8868\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u662f\u7bb1\u5f0f\u56fe\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u91cf\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e2d\u4f4d\u6570\uff0c\u6570\u503c\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6570\u503c\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u8868\u793a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u636e\u662f\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56fe\u4e0a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684<\/span>Student t <\/span>\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u6837\u672c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5747\u6570\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u540c\u6216\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u548c\u89e3\u91ca<\/span>t<\/span>\u68c0\u9a8c\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u6837\u672c\u91cf\uff0c\u4e24\u6837\u672c\u5747\u6570\u95f4\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u6837\u672c\u4e2d\u6570\u636e\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\u3002\u5e94\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0e\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5e94\u5f53\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5f53\u8fdb\u884c\u591a\u91cd<\/span>t<\/span>\u68c0\u9a8c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u540c\u4e00\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u591a\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5e94\u7528\u6821\u6b63\u56e0\u5b50\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u540c\u4e00\u5e72\u9884\u6709<\/span>40<\/span>\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>Student t <\/span>\u68c0\u9a8c\u8fdb\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u7ed9\u51fa\u6821\u6b63\u56e0\u5b50\u3002\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>1<\/span>\u6216<\/span>2<\/span>\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u5076\u7136\u6027\uff09\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u663e\u8457\u6027\uff0c\u6709<\/span>1\/20<\/span>\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c<\/span>P<\/span>\u503c\u7b49\u4e8e<\/span>0.05<\/span>\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u8bba\u5c06\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u5dee\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8fde\u7eed\u8d44\u6599\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u65b9\u5dee\u5206\u6790\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u7eed\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u591a\u7ec4\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6d3b\u6027\u6cbb\u7597\u7ec4\u95f4\u6548\u679c\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4ec5\u80fd\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7167\u7ec4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u53d8\u91cf\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b9a<\/span>X<\/span>\u503c\u7ebf\u6027\u56de\u5f52\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b97\u51fa<\/span>Y<\/span>\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u89c2\u5730\u89c2\u5bdf\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u8bc6\u522b\u5f02\u5e38\u6570\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u663e\u793a\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u7528\u7b80\u6613\u667a\u529b\u72b6\u6001\u68c0\u67e5\uff08<\/span>MMSE<\/span>\uff09\u6240\u6d4b\u5b9a\u7684\u667a\u529b\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6709\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\u969c\u788d\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u5165\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u7ec4\u6216\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u5242\u91cf\u7684\u96cc\u6fc0\u7d20\u7ec4\u89c2\u5bdf\uff1a\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u8868\u793a\u4f4e\u5242\u91cf\u7ec4\uff0c\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u8868\u793a\u8f83\u9ad8\u5242\u91cf\u7ec4\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b89\u6170\u5242\u7ec4\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u96cc\u6fc0\u7d20\u5e72\u9884\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u964d\u4f4e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\u7684\u6076\u5316\u7387\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u5e38\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u8fdb\u884c\u751f\u5b58\u5206\u6790\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u9010\u6e10\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u751f\u5b58\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6307\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u4ece\u764c\u75c7\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5f00\u59cb\u751f\u5b58\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u590d\u53d1\u3001\u9752\u6625\u671f\u51fa\u73b0\u3001\u9700\u884c\u51a0\u72b6\u52a8\u8109\u65c1\u8def\u79fb\u690d\u672f\u3001\u6216\u8005\u5fc3\u808c\u6897\u6b7b\u3002\u505a\u751f\u5b58\u5206\u6790\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u79cd\u662f<\/span>Kaplan Myer <\/span>\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u5355\u53d8\u91cf\u5bf9\u4e24\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f<\/span>Cox<\/span>\u6bd4\u4f8b\u98ce\u9669\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u51e0\u79cd\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf\u5bf9\u751f\u5b58\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>Kaplan Myer <\/span>\u751f\u5b58\u66f2\u7ebf\u663e\u793a\u4e86<\/span>, <\/span>\u5916\u79d1\u624b\u672f\u5e72\u9884<\/span>(<\/span>\u4e0a\u56fe<\/span>)<\/span>\u6216\u836f\u7269\u5e72\u9884<\/span>(<\/span>\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6761\u7ebf<\/span>)<\/span>\u5bf9\u60a3\u6709\u9888\u52a8\u8109\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u540c\u4fa7\u5352\u4e2d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\u56fe\u4e2d\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\uff0c\u5916\u79d1\u624b\u672f\u4e0e\u836f\u7269\u76f8\u6bd4<\/span>(<\/span>\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u6761\u66f2\u7ebf<\/span>)<\/span>\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u5185<\/span>(X<\/span>\u8f74\u4ee3\u8868\u5e74<\/span>)<\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5352\u4e2d\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8be5\u56fe\u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f<\/span>(<\/span>\u56fe\u7684\u4e0b\u90e8<\/span>)<\/span>\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u5916\u79d1\u624b\u672f\u6216\u836f\u7269\u5e72\u9884\u540e\u6bcf\u5e74\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fe\u8868\u4e2d\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u91cf\u5173\u4e8e\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u6570\u636e\u5236\u6210\u56fe\u8868\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8c08\u8c08\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u672a\u5bf9\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u5206\u7ec4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e25\u683c\u63a7\u5236\u800c\u9020\u6210\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6df7\u6742\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>\u5e94\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff08<\/span>4<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Alan Moses <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u672c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7684\u524d\u9762\u51e0\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b66\u4e60\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u8bc4\u4ef7\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5236\u6210\u56fe\u8868\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u6790\u6570\u636e\u3002\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5b66\u4e60\u4e00\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u7684\u6363\u86cb\u9b3c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u5f15\u53d1\u4e00\u4e9b\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u8ff7\u60d1\u6216\u8bef\u5224\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u4f9d\u8d56\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u504f\u501a\u3001\u673a\u4f1a\u9047\u3001\u5171\u7ebf\u6027\u3001\u6df7\u6742\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u6548\u5e94\u4fee\u9970\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u8ba9\u6211\u82b1\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u603b\u7ed3\u4e00\u4e0b\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8c08\u5230\u8fc7\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u73b0\u5728\u4f60\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u6e05\u695a<\/span>,<\/span>\u5728\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5fc5\u987b\u8ba4\u771f\u9009\u62e9\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u4f60\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3001\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4f1a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u4e0b\u786e\u5b9a\u7edf\u8ba1\u6548\u80fd\u3002\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u4f60\u7684\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u5e76\u4e14\u9009\u62e9\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u7684\u6837\u672c\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4f60\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u5e72\u9884\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u5dee\u522b\u65f6\u68c0\u6d4b\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u4f60\u8981\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5f00\u59cb\u524d\u5c31\u548c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba8\u8bba\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u8bd5\u9a8c\u5b8c\u6210\u4ee5\u540e\u6539\u53d8\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8457\u540d\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6<\/span>B.F.Skinner<\/span>\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u9884\u671f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5b9e\u4e8b\u6c42\u662f\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0a\u91cd\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6700\u540e\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u6559\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u7406\u89e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528\u597d\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u66f4\u771f\u5b9e\u53ef\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u65b0\u7597\u6cd5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u533b\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e5d\u8bb2 <\/span>\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u53d1\u8868<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Robert Rubin<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/h1>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u8bb2\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u8da3\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u5e76\u4e14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5f88\u591a\u533b\u751f\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u5199\u4f5c\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u60f6\u6050\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u8282\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u505a\u7684\u662f\u590d\u4e60\u6709\u5173\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u8bb2\u89e3\u5728\u4f60\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u6838\u5b9e\u540e\u5982\u4f55\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u4ece\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u660e\u786e\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f60\u8981\u628a\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5199\u6210\u62a5\u544a\uff1f\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u660e\u786e\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4f60\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5982\u53c2\u8003\u5176\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u7269\uff0c\u5e94\u8bf4\u660e\u51fa\u5904\u8868\u8fbe\u611f\u8c22\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u907f\u514d\u4e00\u7a3f\u4e24\u6295\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5145\u5206\u62ab\u9732\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u6765\u81ea\u6c11\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5f88\u597d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5199\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u754c\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u8bfb\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u53d7\u7d2f\u5199\u8bba\u6587\u5462\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0a\u66f4\u5177\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u548c\u6761\u7406\u6027\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4e3a\u6587\u7ae0\u53d1\u8868\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f60\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u4f60\u6240\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6df1\u5165\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u533b\u751f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5199\u4f5c\u611f\u5230\u5e76\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u66fe\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u533b\u751f\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5199\u4f5c\u5931\u80fd\u75c7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5728\u5199\u6587\u7ae0\u524d\u5f88\u72b9\u8c6b\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5199\u4e00\u7bc7\u51c6\u5907\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u9700\u8981\u4e25\u8c28\u6027\u548c\u6761\u7406\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b64\u72ec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u533b\u751f\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u559c\u6b22\u4e0e\u4eba\u63a5\u89e6\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u533b\u751f\u672a\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u5199\u4f5c\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u597d\u7684\u699c\u6837\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u4e34\u5e8a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5199\u4f5c\u96c6\u4e8e\u4e00\u8eab\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80cc\u666f\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u7b80\u4ecb\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1f\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u600e\u6837\uff1f\u4f60\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f60\u6240\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u7ed3\u679c\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5305\u62ec\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u5165\u9009\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u628a\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u90fd\u7b97\u8fdb\u53bb<\/span>(<\/span>\u6240\u8c13<\/span>ITT<\/span>\u5206\u6790<\/span>)<\/span>\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8868\u683c\u548c\u56fe\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u6e05\u6670\u663e\u793a\u6570\u636e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u6700\u9700\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u548c\u4f5c\u8005\u6280\u5de7\u7684\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4f60\u8981\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8fd8\u662f\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bfb\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\uff1f\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5982\u4f55\uff1f\u4f60\u9700\u5bf9\u77db\u76fe\u6027\u6216\u53cd\u5e38\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u505a\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4f60\u6709\u6743\u5229\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u63d0\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u65b0\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u4f60\u6240\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u7684\u65b0\u5047\u8bbe\u4f60\u5219\u65e0\u6743\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6216\u5bf9\u67d0\u79cd\u4e34\u5e8a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u5e76\u63d0\u793a\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u5199\u6458\u8981\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6587\u7ae0\u53d1\u8868\u65f6\u9996\u5148\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u6458\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u76f4\u5230\u5b8c\u6210\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u5206\u4ee5\u540e\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u51c6\u5907\u6458\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6458\u8981\u662f\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7<\/span>250<\/span>\u4e2a\u5b57\u7684\u5c0f\u7ed3\uff0c\u683c\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5168\u6587\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e24\u53e5\u8bdd\u6765\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7b80\u4ecb\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u7814\u7a76\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u6216\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6750\u6599\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u90e8\u5206\u8bf4\u660e\u4f55\u4e8b\u3001\u4f55\u65f6\u3001\u4f55\u5730\u3001\u4f55\u4eba\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u663e\u793a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5219\u7528\u4e00\u4e24\u53e5\u8bdd\u6982\u62ec\u8bf4\u660e\u4f60\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u6587\u7ae0\u7c7b\u578b\u2015\u2015\u75c5\u4f8b\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u9996\u5148\u7814\u7a76\u7b80\u4ecb\u8bf4\u660e\u4f60\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u53d1\u8868\u8fd9\u4efd\u75c5\u4f8b\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u8fdb\u884c\u75c5\u4f8b\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u75c5\u4f8b\u6240\u6709\u4ee4\u4eba\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u53ca\u503c\u5f97\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u75c5\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u75c5\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u6216\u65b0\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u7efc\u8ff0\u3002\u9996\u5148\u7b80\u4ecb\u8bf4\u660e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7efc\u8ff0\u9898\u76ee\uff0c\u4f60\u8bd5\u56fe\u56de\u7b54\u4ec0\u4e48\u95ee\u9898\uff1f\u65b9\u6cd5\u90e8\u5206\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7684\u968f\u673a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u65b9\u6cd5\u90e8\u5206\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u67e5\u627e\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u75c5\u4f8b\u56de\u987e\uff0c\u5219\u5e94\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5982\u4f55\u7eb3\u5165\u75c5\u4f8b\u62a5\u544a\uff1b\u5165\u9009\u548c\u6392\u9664\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u7ed3\u679c\uff1a\u4f60\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u6700\u540e\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u4f55\u5728\uff1f\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u63cf\u8ff0\u4f60\u505a\u4e86\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u8fd8\u5e94\u8bf4\u660e\u4f60\u6240\u505a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u7684\u4ec0\u4e48\u504f\u501a\u3002\u6700\u540e\u63d0\u51fa\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u505a\u7684\u968f\u673a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u65b0\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u603b\u7ed3\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u7528\u4e24\u53e5\u540d\u8a00\u6765\u4e0e\u4f60\u4eec\u5171\u52c9\uff0c\u4ee5\u603b\u7ed3\u6211\u5bf9\u64b0\u5199\u79d1\u5b66\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u662f<\/span>William Zinnser<\/span>\u6240\u8bb2\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5931\u8d25\u662f\u667a\u6167\u4e4b\u6bcd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7279\u6027\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u591a\u4e8e\u6210\u529f\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u5f97\u5230\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u6295\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u9000\u56de\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u4e34\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u5728\u4e8e\u4f60\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u53bb\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u80fd\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u670b\u53cb\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u8377\u5170\u7684<\/span>Ben de Pauw<\/span>\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6211\u4eec\u4fe1\u5949\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u6570\u636e<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u53e5\u90fd\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u4e5f\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u6765\u81ea\u6587\u732e\u3001\u75c5\u4f8b\u7efc\u8ff0\u6216\u662f\u968f\u673a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u603b\u7ed3\u4e00\u4e0b\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u7eb2\u643a\u9886\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5199\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\u3001\u75c5\u4f8b\u62a5\u544a\u548c\u968f\u673a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u8bb2\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u4f60\u4eec\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8c22\u8c22\u5927\u5bb6\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u5341\u8bb2 <\/span>\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Julio Camps<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n

\u5927\u5bb6\u597d\uff01\u6211\u5f88\u8363\u5e78\u4eca\u5929\u80fd\u4e0e\u5927\u5bb6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u8ba8\u8bba\u6709\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u662f<\/span>Julio Camps<\/span>\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u79d1\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728<\/span>Buenos Aires<\/span>\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5fc3\u5185\u79d1\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\u6570\u5e74\u3002\u6211\u5728<\/span>1998<\/span>\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u8f89\u745e\u516c\u53f8\u62c5\u4efb\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u603b\u76d1\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u6211\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ba1\u7406\u7531\u8f89\u745e\u516c\u53f8\u7ebd\u7ea6\u603b\u90e8\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u6211\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86\u8f89\u745e\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u603b\u76d1\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e09\u5e74\u4e2d\u6211\u8d1f\u8d23\u62c9\u7f8e\u5357\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u533b\u5b66\u90e8\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u6211\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u8d1f\u8d23\u62c9\u7f8e\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u603b\u76d1\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e8c\u8005\u662f\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u8ba9\u6211\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u4ece\u4eba\u5458\u89d2\u5ea6\u8fd8\u662f\u6280\u672f\u89d2\u5ea6\u4ed6\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u597d\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u597d\u7684\u8bca\u6240\uff0c\u6709\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4eea\u5668\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bda\u5b9e\u3001\u6709\u624d\u80fd\u3001\u4e3b\u52a8\u548c\u5168\u5fc3\u6295\u5165\u7684\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5f20\u5e7b\u706f\u7247\uff0c\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u673a\u6784\u7c7b\u578b\u5305\u62ec\u5b66\u672f\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u533b\u9662\u3001\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u793e\u533a\u8bca\u6240\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u8bca\u6240\u4ee5\u53ca\u5408\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/span>(CROs)<\/span>\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u672c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u901a\u7528\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u544a\u8bc9\u5927\u5bb6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u662f\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u597d\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u79c1\u4eba\u8bca\u6240\u4e5f\u662f\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u9009\u62e9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7531\u7814\u7a76\u7533\u529e\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u5176\u53c2\u52a0\u3002\u6211\u5f3a\u70c8\u5efa\u8bae\u8981\u5f53\u9762\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6253\u7535\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f46\u6839\u636e\u6211\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5f53\u9762\u63a5\u89e6\u6548\u679c\u4f1a\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u8981\u7b7e\u4e00\u4efd\u4fdd\u5bc6\u534f\u8bae\u4e66\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8bd5\u9a8c\u524d\u7684\u5b9e\u5730\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7531\u7533\u529e\u8005\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u80fd\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u5462\uff1f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u590d\u4e60\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb<\/span>2\uff5e<\/span>3\u5e74\u4e2d\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u5404\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u50cf\u5730\u533a\u4f1a\u8bae\u6216\u56fd\u9645\u4f1a\u8bae\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f1a\u8bae\u573a\u5408\u4e86\u89e3\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u9886\u57df\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u8fd8\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u533b\u5b66\u4f1a\u540d\u5f55\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u627e\u5df4\u897f\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u533b\u751f\u540d\u5f55\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u4f60\u516c\u53f8\u5185\u6216<\/span>CRO\u4e2d\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed9\u4f60\u63d0\u4f9b\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7533\u529e\u8005\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u627e\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u5c40\u9650\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u548c\u7535\u8bdd\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u7ecf\u5386\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u66fe\u63a5\u5230\u4e86\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u505a\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u65f6\u6211\u6240\u5728\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u836f\u7269\u3002\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u5ffd\u7136\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u836f\uff0c\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u505a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u53bb\u627e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63d0\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fdd\u6301\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7b80\u5386\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u79cd\u67e5\u627e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u4e3e\u8350\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u503e\u5411\u6027\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u63a8\u8350\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u53ef\u80fd\u505a\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u4fe1\u606f\u5e94\u5305\u62ec\u7814\u7a76\u7b80\u4ecb\u53ca\u4ea7\u54c1\u7b80\u4ecb\uff0c\u8bd5\u9a8c\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u53ca\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6cbb\u7597\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u65f6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u70b9\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6709\u6240\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u8bda\u5b9e\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4ed6\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8c22\u4f60\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u505a\u4e0d\u4e86\u3002<\/span>\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u5b89\u6392\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8ba1\u5212\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76<\/span>2<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48<\/span>5<\/span>\u5e74\u540e\u624d\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u5c06\u4e00\u6587\u4e0d\u503c\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\uff0c\u5728\u521d\u6b21\u63a5\u89e6\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u5173<\/span>ICH GCP<\/span>\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u6c42\u5e94\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ed9\u533b\u751f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u5e38\u8003\u8651\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e2\u5f80\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u66fe\u7ecf\u505a\u8fc7\u5404\u671f\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u2160\u671f\u3001\u2161\u671f\u8fd8\u662f\u2162\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u660e\u786e\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5df2\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u505a\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6536\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u884c\u533b\u6267\u7167\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5177\u5907\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u62e5\u6709\u5728\u6cbb\u7597\u9886\u57df\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u64cd\u4f5c\u65b9\u9762\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cc\u8d62\u7684\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u7533\u529e\u8005\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u76d1\u67e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6309<\/span>GCP<\/span>\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u505a\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u53cc\u8d62\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6709\u4fdd\u5b58\u7814\u7a76\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u63a5\u89e6\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u548c\u9014\u5f84\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7533\u529e\u8005\u63a5\u89e6\u6838\u5b9e\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u6839\u636e<\/span>ICH GCPs<\/span>\u7684\u539f\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u65f6\u6240\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u9700\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u4e86\u89e3\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u89c4\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u6df1\u523b\u4f53\u4f1a<\/span>GCP<\/span>\u6307\u5bfc\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u7533\u529e\u8005\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u64cd\u4f5c\u89c4\u7a0b<\/span>(SOPs)<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u589e\u52a0\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u8bb0\u5f55\u597d\u548c\u505a\u597d\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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1. <\/span>\u4ed6\u80fd\u5165\u9009\u53d7\u8bd5\u8005\u7684\u6570\u91cf<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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6. <\/span>\u4ed6\u987b\u8bda\u5b9e\u8bf4\u660e\u4eea\u5668\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u8fbe\u5230\u8bd5\u9a8c\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u673a\u6784\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u5c0f\u7ed3\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e34\u5e8a\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u53ca\u540c\u610f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53c2\u52a0\u8bd5\u9a8c\u524d\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u7684\u8bb2\u8bfe\u5bf9\u4f60\u4eec\u80fd\u6709\u6240\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u8c22\u8c22\uff01<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u6574\u7406<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\n


<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u7b2c\u4e00\u8bb2 \u4e34\u5e8a\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u6982\u8ff0 Dr. Robert Rubin \u5927\u5bb6\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u662fRobert Rubin\uff0c\u5f88\u9ad8 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":61191,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61190"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61190"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61190\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":61193,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61190\/revisions\/61193"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/61191"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61190"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61190"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61190"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}