{"id":82254,"date":"2019-04-10T00:00:50","date_gmt":"2019-04-11T06:59:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/82254\/"},"modified":"2019-04-11T14:59:06","modified_gmt":"2019-04-11T06:59:06","slug":"183fd6c3c3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/82254\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u4e13\u8bbf"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u56fe1 \u8367\u5149\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e0b\u7684\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff08\u56fe\u7247\u6e90\u81ea\u7f51\u7edc\uff09<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff08Organoids\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u4f53\u5916\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u57f9\u80b2\u800c\u6210\u7684\u5177\u5907\u4e09\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5fae\u5668\u5b98\uff08\u56fe1\uff09\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u771f\u5b9e\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u90e8\u5206\u6a21\u62df\u6765\u6e90\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u751f\u7406\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u501f\u52a9\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53ef\u6df1\u5165\u89c2\u5bdf\u4eba\u4f53\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u518d\u751f\u533b\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u836f\u7269\u7684\u7597\u6548\u7b5b\u9009\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u524d\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n
\"\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u4e13\u8bbf\"<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u56fe2\u201cOrganoid Modeling of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment\u201d\u6587\u7ae0\u5c01\u9762<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u751f\u7269\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u5fc3\u9488\u5bf92018\u5e7412\u6708\u7f8e\u56fd\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66Calvin J. Kuo\u6559\u6388\u56e2\u961f\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u9876\u5c16\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u201cOrganoid Modeling of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment\u201d\uff08\u56fe2\uff09\uff0c\u7279\u9080\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u6559\u6388\u3001\u8457\u540d\u73af\u5883\u6bd2\u7406\u5b66\u53ca\u795e\u7ecf\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e13\u5bb6Ellen Fritsche\u6559\u6388\u5c31\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u3001\u74f6\u9888\u3001\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u4ee5\u53ca\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u5c55\u5f00\u8bc4\u8ff0\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u5c06\u4e3a\u8bfb\u8005\u5448\u73b0\u8bbf\u8c08\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

1. \u95ee\uff1a<\/strong>\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff1f\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span>
<\/p>\n

Question\uff1a<\/strong>What is organoid?What are the main organoid types and their key characteristics?<\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u7b54\uff1a<\/strong>\u76ee\u524d\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u548c\u4e13\u8457\u53ef\u4f9b\u53c2\u8003\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6211\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7efc\u8ff0\u3002(\u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u7efc\u8ff0\u5217\u8868\u89c1\u82f1\u6587\u56de\u7b54)<\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>There are innumerable review articles and textbooks on organoids that I would suggest you consult.<\/p>\n

Here are some reviews:<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] Little MH, Hale LJ, Howden SE, Kumar SV. Generating Kidney from Stem s. Annu Rev Physiol. 2019 Feb 10;81:335-357<\/p>\n

[2] Rowe RG, Daley GQ. Induced pluripotent stem cells in disease modeling and drug discovery. Nat Rev Genet. 2019 Feb 8.<\/p>\n

[3] Sontheimer-Phelps A, Hassell BA, Ingber DE. Modeling cancer in microfluidic human organs-on-chips. Nat Rev Cancer. 2019 Feb;19(2):65-81.<\/p>\n

[4] Mittal R, Woo FW, Castro CS, Cohen MA, Karanxha J, Mittal J, Chhibber T, Jhaveri VM. Organ-on-chip models: Implications in drug discovery and clinical applications. J Physiol. 2019 Jun;234(6):8352-8380.<\/p>\n

[5] Amin ND, Pa\u015fca SP. Building Models of Brain Disorders with Three-Dimensional Organoids. Neuron. 2018 Oct 24;100(2):389-405.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

Ellen Fritsche\u7b54\uff1a<\/strong>\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u4f53\u5916\u57f9\u80b2\u800c\u6210\u7684\u5177\u6709\u6765\u6e90\u5668\u5b98\u663e\u5fae\u89e3\u5256\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u591a\u7ec6\u80de\u4e09\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u6a21\u578b\u53ca\u6a21\u62df\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u5df2\u95ee\u4e16\u3002\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u7ec6\u80de\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u591a\u80fd\u3002\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ca\u7a7a\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u7684\u5b9a\u5411\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f53\u5185\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\uff08\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff09\u542b\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5668\u5b98\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6392\u5217\u4e0e\u6765\u6e90\u5668\u5b98\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\uff08\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff09\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6765\u6e90\u5668\u5b98\u7279\u6709\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u8fc4\u4eca\uff0c\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u591a\u79cd\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e1a\u5df2\u9762\u4e16\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8111\u3001\u80a0\u9053\u3001\u80c3\u3001\u820c\u3001\u7532\u72b6\u817a\u3001\u80f8\u817a\u3001\u777e\u4e38\u3001\u809d\u810f\u3001\u80f0\u817a\u3001\u76ae\u80a4\u3001\u80ba\u3001\u80be\u3001\u5fc3\u810f\u53ca\u89c6\u7f51\u819c\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5065\u5eb7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u75be\u75c5\u6a21\u578b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u80bf\u7624\u6a21\u578b\uff09\u7684\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e3a\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u53d1\u80b2\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7edd\u4f73\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>An organoid is a three-dimensional (3D), multicellular structure with microanatomical features of the organ of origin produced in vitro. So far, organoids of different tissues, disease models, as well as organoids resembling development have been created. ular basis for organoids are mainly pluripotent or tissue-specific stem cells. Key features of organoids include their self-organization through cell sorting and spatially restricted lineage commitment in a manner similar to in vivo. They contain multiple, organ-specific cell types which are spatially organized in a manner similar to the organ. In addition, they recapitulate some specific organ functions. Organoids from multiple organs have so far been created. These include brain, intestine, stomach, tongue, thyroid, thymus, testis, liver, pancreas, skin, lung, kidney, heart and retina. In addition to the healthy organoids, a plethora of disease models including tumor models, have been developed. Last, organoids offer researchers an exceptional model to study developmental biology.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

2. \u95ee\uff1a<\/strong>\u53ef\u5426\u8c08\u8c08\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u5728\u751f\u7269\u533b\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u7528\uff1f<\/p>\n

Question\uff1a<\/strong>What are the main applications of the organoids in the field of biomedicine?<\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u7b54\uff1a<\/strong>\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u5177\u6709\u5728\u4f53\u5916\u57f9\u517b\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u6784\u5efa\u4eba\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u75be\u75c5\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u50cf\u5fc3\u810f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e9\u671f\u8111\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u884c\u3002\u4f46\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u5728\u518d\u751f\u533b\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4f9d\u7136\u524d\u8def\u6f2b\u6f2b\u3002<\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>The attraction of organoids is that they potentially allow disease modeling of human organs in a dish. This works best for tissues such as heart, and is becoming feasible for early human brain development. The use of organoids in regenerative medicine is still far in the future.<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u7b54\uff1a<\/strong>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u6280\u672f\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u5e94\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u62df\u5185\u6e90\u6027\u7ec6\u80de\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5668\u5b98\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u53d1\u80b2\u3001\u518d\u751f\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u5efa\u6a21 (\u5305\u62ec\u764c\u75c7\u7814\u7a76)\u3001\u5668\u5b98\u79fb\u690d\u6280\u672f\u6539\u826f\u3001\u836f\u7269\u53d1\u73b0\/\u7597\u6548\u8bc4\u4f30\u4ee5\u53ca\u6bd2\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u2019sanswer\uff1a<\/strong>Starting as a major technological breakthrough,organoids are now well-established as an essential tool in biological research and also have important implications for clinical use. Organoids allow research on tissue biology, development, regeneration, disease modeling (including cancer research), improvements in organ transplantation, drug discovery\/response as well as toxicological studies in an environment that mimics endogenous cell organization and organ structures.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

3. \u95ee\uff1a<\/strong>\u5728\u80bf\u7624\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u53ca\u65b0\u836f\u5f00\u53d1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u7cfb\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f18\u52bf\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f<\/p>\n

Question\uff1a<\/strong>What are the main advantages of using organoids instead of cell lines, or animal models in the field of tumor biology and new drug development? <\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u7b54\uff1a<\/strong>\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ec6\u80de\u7cfb\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u5907\u4e09\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5668\u5b98\u6837\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\uff08\u6a21\u62df\u4eba\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff09\u3002\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5176\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5e94\u7528\u4eba\u6e90\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>The advantage over cell lines is that organoids model a three dimensional organ, although not completely. The advantage over animal models is that organoids enable studies of human material.<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u7b54\uff1a<\/strong>\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e8c\u7ef4 (2D) \u80bf\u7624\u7ec6\u80de\u7cfb\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u4eba\u6e90\u6027\u80bf\u7624\u5f02\u79cd\u79fb\u690d\u7269 (PDTXs) \u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u80bf\u7624\u6a21\u578b, \u5e76\u4e3a\u764c\u75c7\u7814\u7a76\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u7f3a\u70b9\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0e\u80bf\u7624\u6cbb\u7597\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u836f\u7269\u5f00\u53d1\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7387\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u3002\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7ec6\u80de\u57f9\u517b\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u514d\u75ab\u7ec6\u80de\u3001\u5fae\u73af\u5883\u3001\u95f4\u8d28\u6210\u5206\u548c\u5668\u5b98\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u9650\u5236\u5305\u62ec\u80bf\u7624\u7ec6\u80de\u7cfb\u7ecf\u591a\u6b21\u4f20\u4ee3\u540e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6765\u6e90\u80bf\u7624\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7ec6\u80de\u5728\u57f9\u517b\u76bf\u4e8c\u7ef4\u751f\u957f\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4f18\u52bf\u514b\u9686\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u751f\u7406\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cPDTX \u6a21\u578b\u8fd8\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u5c0f\u9f20\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u80bf\u7624\u6f14\u5316\u3002\u5728\u8d44\u6e90\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u662f\u6781\u5ea6\u7684\u8d39\u94b1\u8d39\u65f6\u3002\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u53ef\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\u3002\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u4fee\u9970\u53ef\u5b9e\u73b0\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u751f\u7406\u73af\u5883\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u75be\u75c5\u5efa\u6a21\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u80bf\u7624\u6027\u7a81\u53d8\u5bfc\u5165\u5065\u5eb7\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u9057\u4f20\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u80bf\u7624\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u60a3\u8005\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u80bf\u7624\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u8fc5\u901f\u57f9\u80b2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u60a3\u8005\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u836f\u7269\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60a3\u8005\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u80bf\u7624\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7a33\u6001(histostasis)\uff0c\u59823D\u57f9\u517b\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u4e0e\u6765\u6e90\u60a3\u8005\u80bf\u7624\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u4e2a\u6027\u5316\u80bf\u7624\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u4e0e PDTX \u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7ef4\u62a4\u4fbf\u5229\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u6574\u5408\u514d\u75ab\u7ec6\u80de\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u6613\u8fdb\u884c\u57fa\u56e0\u6539\u9020 (\u9057\u4f20\u6027\u80bf\u7624\u5efa\u6a21)\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5339\u914d\u5bf9\u7167\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u9ad8\u901a\u91cf\u836f\u7269\u7b5b\u9009\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5e93\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9664\u4e86\u80bf\u7624\u5b66\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e5f\u4e3a\u65b0\u836f\u5f00\u53d1\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7edd\u4f73\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u65b0\u836f\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u7387\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u836f\u4ee3\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u836f\u6548\u5b66\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6216\u52a8\u7269\u75be\u75c5\u6a21\u578b\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6a21\u62df\u4eba\u4f53\u75c5\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5177\u6709\u4eba\u4f53\u7279\u5f02\u751f\u7406\u548c\u75c5\u7406\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u514b\u670d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7279\u5b9a\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u9ad8\u901a\u91cf\u65b9\u5f0f\u57f9\u80b2\u7684\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u9884\u8ba1\u5c06\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u7cbe\u786e\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u501f\u52a9\u751f\u7269\u5e93\u8fdb\u884c\u7b5b\u9009\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9274\u5b9a\u65b0\u836f\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u63ed\u793a\u54ea\u4e9b\u60a3\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u67d0\u4e9b (\u73b0\u6709) \u836f\u7269\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u4e2d\u53d7\u76ca\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u6f5c\u5728\u836f\u7269\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u68c0\u6d4b\u53ef\u4e3a\u5236\u836f\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u65b0\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u6bd2\u7406\u5b66\u68c0\u6d4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u6709\u529b\u8865\u5145(\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u90e8\u5206\u53d6\u4ee3\u7684\u8bdd)\u3002<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>Traditional two-dimensional (2D) tumor cell line cultures and patient-derived tumorxenografts (PDTXs) in animals have long been employed as tumor models and have made tremendous contribution to cancer research. However, a varietyof drawbacks hamper these models for clinical useas success rates for tumor therapeutics are lowest in the field of drug development. 2D cell line cultures do not contain immune cells, microenvironment, stromal compartments, and organ-specific functions. Other limitations include the lack of genetic heterogeneity of original tumors after many passages for cancer cell lines because clonal selection in the dish happens for superiority in 2D growth, which is not physiologic. Moreover, PDTX models experience mouse-specific tumor evolution. On the resource side, such models arehighly money- and time-consuming.Organoids can overcome some of these constraints. Genetic modification of organoids allows disease modeling in a setting that approaches the physiological environment. Here, insertions of tumor mutations into healthy stem cells allow generation of genetically-controlledtumoroids. Additionally, organoids can be grown with high efficiency from patient-derived healthy and tumour tissues, potentially enabling patient-specific drug testing and the development of individualized treatment regimens. In such patient-specific tumoroids, histostasis is observed, i.e. conservation of histopathological traits between 3D cultures and the matched patient tumor, promising advances in personalized tumor therapies in the future. In contrast to PDTX, organoids are of easier maintenance, bear the possibility to integrate immune cells, are amenable to genetic modification (genetic cancer modeling), allow study of matched controls, can be used for high throughput drug screening and biobanking.<\/p>\n

Besides oncology, organoids are promising models for drug development. Attrition rates in new drug development are high. This is partly reasoned indifferences between animal pharmacokinetics and \u2013dynamics or in animal disease models that do not correctly resemble human pathology. Organoids with human-relevant physiology and pathology are thought to help overcoming these issues. Organoid cultures based on a specific disease and even on a specific individual used in a high-throughput manner are expected to develop into powerful tools for precision therapy. Future screens may be performed using biobanks with the aim of not only identifying new drugs but also revealing which patients may benefit from treatment with certain (existing) drugs. In addition, focused tests of potential drugs should identify new leads for the pharmaceutical industry.Furthermore, organoidsmay be used in the future for toxicology testing to complement, if not in part replace, animal testing.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

4. \u95ee\uff1a<\/strong>\u5f53\u524d\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6ee1\u8db3\u80bf\u7624\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u79fb\u690d\u3001\u65b0\u836f\u5f00\u53d1\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u9700\u8981\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6539\u8fdb\uff1f<\/p>\n

Question\uff1a<\/strong>What are the limitations of organoids and what aspects of organoids can be further improved to meet the demand for research in tumor biology, stem cell biology, transplantation and drug development? <\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u7b54:<\/strong>\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u5728\u8d77\u6b65\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5982\u5fc3\u810f\u548c\u809d\u810f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e5f\u5f88\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4ec5\u80fd\u90e8\u5206\u6a21\u62df\u4eba\u4f53\u5668\u5b98\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8111\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5219\u66f4\u751a\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\uff08\u8111\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff09\u751f\u7406\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5982\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7406\u3001\u751f\u5316\u529f\u80fd\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u8fd9\u5c06\u82b1\u8d39\u6570\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>The field of organoid research is still in the beginning. Even for tissues like heart and liver, organoids are very immature and only partly model the human organ. This is worse for brain. Much fundamental biology, such as cell biology and biochemistry, is needed to advance the field. This will take many years.<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u7b54\uff1a<\/strong>\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u662f\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5668\u5b98\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7ec6\u80de\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u4f46\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4ec5\u4e3a\u6709\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u6a21\u62df\uff0c\u56f0\u6270\u8fd9\u9879\u6280\u672f\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u9650\u5236\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u4f53\u79ef\u3002\u5f53\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4f53\u79ef\u589e\u52a0\u65f6\uff0c\u7f3a\u6c27\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53ef\u6eb6\u6027\u56e0\u5b50\u6240\u81f4\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u574f\u6b7b\u662f\u4e9f\u9700\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u6fc0\u6d3b\u8840\u7ba1\u751f\u6210\u9014\u5f84, \u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u8840\u7ba1\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728hiPSC\u884d\u751f\u7684\u809d\u810f\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e0a\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e2d\u6240\u81ea\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5668\u5b98\u201c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d\u3002\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u6ee1\u8db3\u751f\u7269\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u57f9\u80b2\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578bhiPSC\u884d\u751f\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff08\u5448\u73b0\u591a\u4e2a\u5668\u5b98\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u529f\u80fd\uff09\u7684\u5668\u5b98\u82af\u7247\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u5728\u66f4\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7b5b\u9009\u836f\u7269\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u514d\u75ab\u7ec6\u80de\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u6a21\u62df\u5177\u6709\u514d\u75ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u95f4\u201c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u836f\u7406\u548c\u6bd2\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u809d\u810f\u4ee3\u8c22\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u5668\u5b98\u82af\u7247\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5305\u542b\u809d\u810f\u4ee3\u8c22\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>Organoids are organ models recapitulating an assortment of organ-specific cell types, tissue morphogenesis and functions. Yet, there are limitations in their mimicry. One important limitation plaguing the application of this technologyis their size. When the organoids\u2019 volume increases, the issue of tissue necrosis caused by the lack of diffusion of oxygen and soluble factors needs to be addressed. One solution for this problemmight be the activation ofangiogenic pathways that will lead to vascularisedorganoids.This was already succeeded with hiPSC-derived liver organoids. One more challenge of the organoid field lies in organ crosstalk, which is naturally present in an intact organism. Here, organoid research meets bioengineering by producing organ-on-a-chip devices containing different types of hiPSC-derived organoids representing the structure and function of multiple organ systems for screening the effects of drugs in more in vivo-like settings. The crosstalk of tissues with the immune system can be modelled by adding immune cells to the organoids. For pharmacological and toxicological applications, liver metabolism of compounds is crucial. Including such metabolism via an organ-on-a-chip approach can solve this issue.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

5. \u95ee\uff1a<\/strong>\u5f53\u524d\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u5982\u4f55\uff1f<\/p>\n

Question\uff1a<\/strong>What are the current trends for organoidsresearch? <\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u7b54:<\/strong>\uff08\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u662f\uff09\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u76f2\u76ee\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5374\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u672a\u6765\u4f1a\u6709\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u8ba1\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u8d29\u5356\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5c06\u4ee5\u5931\u8d25\u544a\u7ec8\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u652f\u6491\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e94\u7528\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u6700\u6709\u524d\u666f\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u9886\u57df\u5e94\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u809d\u810f\u3001\u5fc3\u810f\u548c\u80bf\u7624\u7684\u836f\u7269\u7b5b\u9009\u3002<\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>Everybody rushes towards applications, without a solid scientific basis. I think hundreds of companies will be founded that will sell hope, but will mostly fail because the biology isn’t there to support applications. Most promising are drug screens in tissue organoids such as liver or heart and in cancer.<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u7b54\uff1a<\/strong>\u76ee\u524d\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u5305\u62ec\u5efa\u7acb\u7528\u4e8e\u9ad8\u901a\u91cf\u7b5b\u9009\u7684\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u5e93\u548c\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5176\u4ed6\u75be\u75c5\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5efa\u7acb\u7528\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u5668\u5b98\u82af\u7247\u548c\u5fae\u6d41\u4f53\u82af\u7247\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u7279\u522b\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u57fa\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e9f\u5f85\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u5bf9\u5fae\u6d41\u4f53\u82af\u7247\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u82af\u7247\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u5747\u9002\u7528\u7684\u901a\u7528\u57f9\u517b\u57fa\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5668\u5b98\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5f00\u53d1\u4e0e\u751f\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6765\u81ea\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u9ad8\u901a\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u8f93\u51fa\u88c5\u7f6e\u3002\u5728\u4e34\u5e8a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f00\u53d1\u6700\u4f73\u4e2a\u4f53\u5316\u6cbb\u7597\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6e90\u81ea\u60a3\u8005\u7279\u5f02\u6027hiPSC\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5316\u533b\u7597\u7814\u7a76\u4e9f\u9700\u5f00\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u6bd2\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd2\u6027\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>Current trends for organoid research include generation of organoid banks and platforms for high-throughput screening approaches, generation of additional disease models, and set up of organ-on-a-chip and microfluidics devices for whole organism modeling. Here, especially medium constrictions have to be solved. For microfluidics a common medium for all organoids on the chip is needed. Moreover, depending on the organ system, physiologically relevant high-throughput readouts from organoids need to be developed. On the clinical side, research on personalized medicine using organoids derived from patient-specific hiPSC is warranted for optimal individual treatment regimes. In the toxicology field, organoids as substrates for toxicity testing replacing animals is currently exploited.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

6. \u95ee\uff1a<\/strong>\u53ef\u5426\u9884\u6d4b\u4e00\u4e0b\u63a5\u4e0b\u67655\u5e74\u5185\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff1f<\/p>\n

Question\uff1a<\/strong>How the organoids research field will be look like in 5 years? <\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u7b54:<\/strong>\u6211\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u662f\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u76845\u5e74\u5185\u597d\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5c06\u5b66\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u5e76\u660e\u786e\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5982\u4fc3\u8fdb\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u7597\u6cd5\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u4f46\u8fd9\u5c06\u8017\u8d3910\u5e74\u6216\u66f4\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5230\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u5230\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u5e94\u7528\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u521d\u521b\u516c\u53f8\u5c06\u4f1a\u70e7\u6389\u6570\u4ee5\u4ebf\u8ba1\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u4f1a\u8d70\u5411\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5e76\u627e\u5230\u589e\u52a0\u8425\u6536\u7684\u65b0\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n

Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>My prediction is that in 5 years, good science labs will have learned how to mature organoids and the limitations of the approach will have been defined. I think organoids are a tremendous opportunity in stem cell approaches that will enable novel discoveries and therapies, but that this will take at least 10 years to develop. Then and only then will it be possible to rationally move towards applications. Until then, lots of start-ups will have spent hundreds of millions of dollars, and a few of them will have been successful in generating some future avenue of revenue.<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u7b54\uff1a<\/strong>\u57285\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0e\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u5e93\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u5c06\u7ed9\u751f\u7269\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5e26\u6765\u7ffb\u5929\u8986\u5730\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8d2d\u4e70\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u9057\u4f20\u80cc\u666f\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5668\u5b98\u82af\u7247\u5e73\u53f0\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u7531\u5408\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08CRO\uff09\u4ee5\u4e0e\u76ee\u524d\u52a8\u7269\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u5c06\u6781\u5927\u5730\u4fc3\u8fdb\u836f\u7269\u7597\u6548\u8bd5\u9a8c\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u5f00\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5c06\u8fdb\u5165\u836f\u7269\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8bc4\u4f30\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n

Ellen Fritsche\u2019s answer\uff1a<\/strong>In 5 years, genetic manipulation of organoids in combination with organoid banking will have revolutionized biomedical research. It will be possible to purchase disease-specific organoids from broad ranges of patients with distinct genetic backgrounds. Organ-on-a-chip platforms will be standard and offered by CROs in a similar manner than currently animal testing. Organoids will have tremendously facilitated drug efficacy and safety testing and thus will have entered also into the regulatory areas of research for drug development as well as chemical safety assessment.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

\u9644\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1\u3001Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof\u6559\u6388\u7b80\u4ecb<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\"\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u4e13\u8bbf\"<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\u3001\u970d\u534e\u5fb7-\u4f11\u65af\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240 (HHMI) \u7814\u7a76\u5458\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u533b\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u58eb\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\u30012013\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u30021955\u5e74\u751f\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u54e5\u5ef7\u6839\uff0c1982\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u54e5\u5ef7\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002S\u00fcdhof\u6559\u6388\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u7a81\u89e6\u524d\u795e\u7ecf\u9012\u8d28\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4e3a\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9876\u7ea7\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u56ca\u6ce1\u5185\u795e\u7ecf\u9012\u8d28\u91ca\u653e\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u5173\u952e\u86cb\u767d\uff0c\u5e76\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u795e\u7ecf\u9012\u8d28\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5206\u5b50\u673a\u5236\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u5728\u56ca\u6ce1\u8f6c\u8fd0\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5148\u540e\u8363\u83b7\u62c9\u65af\u514b\u57fa\u7840\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u53ca\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u9879\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

2.  Ellen Fritsche\u6559\u6388\u7b80\u4ecb<\/strong>
<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\"\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u4e13\u8bbf\"<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

\u5fb7\u56fdIUF-\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u73af\u5883\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine\uff09\u73af\u5883\u6bd2\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u7403\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec4\u957f\u30021998\u5e74\u83b7\u96f7\u6839\u65af\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u675c\u585e\u5c14\u591a\u592b\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u66fe\u5148\u540e\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u7acb\u73af\u5883\u536b\u751f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08NIEHS)\u548cIUF-\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u73af\u5883\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5b8c\u6210\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c2009-2012\u5e74\u4efb\u4e9a\u741b\u5de5\u4e1a\u5927\u5b66\u76ae\u80a4\u6bd2\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u4e3aNeurotoxicology\u6742\u5fd7\u526f\u4e3b\u7f16\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u5316\u5b66\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff08cefic\uff09\u987e\u95ee\u3001\u6b27\u76df\u5730\u5e73\u7ebf2020\u8ba1\u5212\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u66ff\u4ee3\u52a8\u7269\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08CERST-NRW\uff09\u9879\u76ee\u7275\u5934\u4eba\u3001\u66ff\u4ee3\u6cd5\u4fe1\u6258\u5927\u4f1a\uff08ACT\uff09\u6210\u5458\u548cOECD\u53d1\u80b2\u795e\u7ecf\u6bd2\u6027\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4\u59d4\u5458\u3002\u5386\u4efb\u6b27\u6d32\u66ff\u4ee3\u52a8\u7269\u8bd5\u9a8c\u534f\u4f1a\uff08EUSAAT\uff09\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n

\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u5f90\u9e4f\u8f89\u3001\u5f20    \u946b\u3001\u9a6c    \u6d9b<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u6f58\u5b50\u5947\u3001\u5218    \u4f36<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5ba1\u6838\uff1a\u5362    \u59d7<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u7f16\uff1a\u9ad8\u5219\u660e<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u56fe1 \u8367\u5149\u663e\u5fae\u955c\u4e0b\u7684\u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff08\u56fe\u7247\u6e90\u81ea\u7f51\u7edc\uff09 \u7c7b\u5668\u5b98\uff08Organoids\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u4f53\u5916\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u57f9\u80b2\u800c\u6210\u7684\u5177\u5907\u4e09\u7ef4\u7ed3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":82255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82254"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=82254"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82254\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":82259,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82254\/revisions\/82259"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/82255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=82254"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=82254"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.05921.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=82254"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}